1. Hotchkiss RN. Fractures and dislocations of the elbow. In: Court-Brown C, Heckman JD, Koval KJ, Wirth MA, Tornetta P, Bucholz RW, eds. Rockwood and Green’s Fractures in Adults. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott-Raven; 1996.

2. Chemama B, Bonnevialle N, Peter O, Mansat P, Bonnevialle P. Terrible triad injury of the elbow: how to improve outcomes? Orthop Traumatol Surg Res. 2010 Apr;96(2):147-54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcot.2010.02.008. [DOI] [PubMed]

3. O'Driscoll SW, Morrey BF, Korinek S, An KN. Elbow subluxation and dislocation. A spectrum of instability. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 1992 Jul;(280):186-97. [PubMed]

4. Watters TS, Garrigues GE, Ring D, Ruch DS. Fixation versus replacement of radial head in terrible triad: is there a difference in elbow stability and prognosis? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014 Jul;472(7):2128-35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-013-3331-x. [DOI] [PubMed]

5. Youm Y, Dryer RF, Thambyrajah K, Flatt AE, Sprague BL. Biomechanical analyses of forearm pronation-supination and elbow flexion-extension. J Biomech. 1979;12(4):245-55. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9290(79)90067-8. [DOI] [PubMed]

6. Levangie PK, Norkin CC. Joint Structure and Function: A Comprehensive Analysis. Philadelphia, PA: F.A. Davis. 2005.

7. Leigh WB, Ball CM. Radial head reconstruction versus replacement in the treatment of terrible triad injuries of the elbow. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2012 Oct;21(10):1336-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2012.03.005. [DOI] [PubMed]

8. Garrigues GE, Wray WH 3rd, Lindenhovius AL, Ring DC, Ruch DS. Fixation of the coronoid process in elbow fracture-dislocations. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2011 Oct;93(20):1873-81. https://doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.i.01673. [DOI] [PubMed]

9. Mathew PK, Athwal GS, King GJ. Terrible triad injury of the elbow: current concepts. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2009 Mar;17(3):137-51. https://doi.org/10.5435/00124635-200903000-00003. [DOI] [PubMed]

10. Pipicelli JG, Chinchalkar SJ, Grewal R, Athwal GS. Rehabilitation considerations in the management of terrible triad injury to the elbow. Tech Hand Up Extrem Surg. 2011 Dec;15(4):198-208. https://doi.org/10.1097/bth.0b013e31822911fd. [DOI] [PubMed]

11. Regan W, Lapner PC. Prospective evaluation of two diagnostic apprehension signs for posterolateral instability of the elbow. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2006 May-Jun;15(3):344-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2005.03.009. [DOI] [PubMed]

12. Rodriguez-Martin J, Pretell-Mazzini J, Andres-Esteban EM, Larrainzar-Garijo R. Outcomes after terrible triads of the elbow treated with the current surgical protocols. A review. Int Orthop. 2011 Jun;35(6):851-60. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00264-010-1024-6. [DOI] [PubMed]

13. Guitton TG, Ring D. Nonsurgically treated terrible triad injuries of the elbow: report of four cases. J Hand Surg Am. 2010 Mar;35(3):464-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhsa.2009.12.015. [DOI] [PubMed]

14. Chan K, MacDermid JC, Faber KJ, King GJ, Athwal GS. Can we treat select terrible triad injuries nonoperatively? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014 Jul;472(7):2092-99. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11999-014-3518-9. [DOI] [PubMed]

15. Closkey RF, Goode JR, Kirschenbaum D, Cody RP. The role of the coronoid process in elbow stability. A biomechanical analysis of axial loading. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2000 Dec;82(12):1749-53. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200012000-00009. [DOI] [PubMed]

16. Schneeberger AG, Sadowski MM, Jacob HA. Coronoid process and radial head as posterolateral rotatory stabilizers of the elbow. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2004 May;86(5):975-82. https://doi.org/10.2106/00004623-200405000-00013. [DOI] [PubMed]

17. Baker M, Eyre-Brook A, Gokaraju K, Jones V, Thyagarajan D, Ali A, et al. Non-operative management of terrible triad injuries of the elbow; not so terrible? Shoulder Elbow. 2024 Apr;16(2):200-205. https://doi.org/10.1177/17585732231190599. [DOI] [PubMed]

18. Factor S, Kaz S, Pritsch T, Eisenberg G, Gurel R, Rosenblatt Y. Nonoperative management of terrible triad injuries: clinical outcomes of 39 cases. Clin Shoulder Elb. 2025 Sep;28(3):289-297. https://doi.org/10.5397/cise.2025.00381. [DOI] [PubMed]

19. Atwan Y, Abdulla I, Grewal R, Faber KJ, King GJW, Athwal GS. Indomethacin for heterotopic ossification prophylaxis following surgical treatment of elbow trauma: a randomized controlled trial. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2023 Jun;32(6):1242-48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jse.2023.02.119. [DOI] [PubMed]