---

Background and Objective: Pollution due to the heavy metals is a problem that may have negative consequences on the hydrosphere. Identification of microorganisms resistant to heavy metals plays an important role in relation to environmental pollution bioremediation. This study was done to assess the antibiotic resistance in isolated bacteria from urban sewage and copper smeltery industrial wastewater. Materials and Methods: This laboratory study was done on the wastewater samples from urban sewage and copper smeltery in Isfahan-Iran, during 2011-12. Heavy metal resistant microorganisms were isolated and enumerated after serial dilution and culturing on PHG agar plates supplemented with 0.5 mM of each heavy metal. The pattern of resistance was assigned by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). Antibiotic resistance toward following medicines Ofloxacine, Penicilline, Sulfometoxasole, Lincomycin, Kanamycin, Streptomycin, Clindamycin, Vancomycin, Cefradin and Neomycin were subsequently investigated. Results: The greatest resistance in isolated bacteria has been related to the Ni (MIC: 24 mM) that’s related to the genus of Klebsiella and its minimum MIC is 2mM that’s of Acinetobacter lwoffi, Providencia stuartii, Branhamella. The minimum degree of resistance is related to Cu. Its Maximum MIC related to this metal in swage is 2 mM that’s of Klebsiella pneumoniae and its minimum degree of resistance in copper smeltery effluent is arranged as 1mM related to genus of Pseudomonas alkaligenes. In examining multi metal resistance pattern, the greatest resistance with 8 mM MIC has been related to the Cd, that’s of Ni resistant Moraxella osloensis in Copper smeltery effluent. The highest portion of isolated bacteria were resistant to Pb (P<0.05). The highest resistance of refirary wastewater was to Ni (MIC: 2 mM), which belong to Klebsiella (P<0.05). The lowest belong to Acine to bacter Lwoffi providencia Stuartii, Branhamella (MIC: 2mM) (P<0.05). In urban sewage: the highest resistance belong to copper, which was seen in Klebsiella Pneumoniae (MIC: 2mM). In Antibiogram tests of Klebsiella, Moraxella and Escherichia, it was demonstrated that the metal resistant bacteria were also resistant toward Lincomycin, Kanamycin, Streptomycin, Clindamycin, Vancomycin, Cefradin and Neomycin, as well. Conclusion: Increasing heavy metal resistance in the environment leads to increased antibiotic resistance toward microorganisms.

---

Background and Objective: Bioabsorbat is one of the most effective methods for the removal of heavy metals from industrial sewages. This study was done to assess the evaluation of Copper removal from industrial sewages by the Green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris.

Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was done on three samples from Bahonar Kerman copper industry sewage samples and 63 copper biosorption synthetic samples by Green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris at a constant temperature of 25°C, optimum pH 6 and contact time of 60 minutes and adsorbent concentration of 2 g/L. The rate of residual copper was determined using atomic absorption instrument. The adsorption isotherms and metal ions kinetic modeling on to the adsorbent were determined based on Langmuir isotherm, Freundlich and kinetics of type I and II.

Results: The removal efficiency was determined as 82.62% and 91.5 % in Copper real examples and synthetic samples, respectively. Based on the obtained results, copper absorption followed Langmuir model and second order kinetic equation (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Due to high absorption potential of Green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, this method can be effectively used for copper removal from industrial sewages.

---

Background and Objective: Organic aromatic compounds as common environmental pollutants can be existing in the effluent of different industries in concentrations ranging from trace quantities to hundreds of milligrams per liter. Phenol compounds extremely have been used in pharmaceutical, wood industry and paper and dyes industries which introduced to environment via effluents. This study was done to evaluate the efficacy of persulfate activated by Fe²⁺ in the present of UV for removal of phenol from aqueous solutions.
Methods: This photocatalytic degradation experiment was performed in batch mode using a 2.5 L cylindrical reactor equipped with low-pressure Hg vapor lamp of 55 W for wavelength production of 253.7 nm. The effects of operating parameters such as pH of the solution (pH: 3-10), different initial persulfate concentration (10-75 mmol/l), initial Fe²⁺ concentration (5-30 mmol/l) and initial phenol concentration (10-100 mg/l). Concentration changes of phenol were determined using UV–VIS spectroscopy at the wavelength of 500 nm.
Results: Degradation of phenol was significantly decreased with increasing of pH from 3 to 10, whereas the highest phenol removal rate was 82% at pH=3 in 45 min contact time. Also, the phenol removal rate is depending on initial persulfate and Fe²⁺ concentration. The degradation of phenol by this photocatalytic followed first order rate decay kinetics (R²>98%(. Under optimum operational conditions, the removal of TOC was obtained to be 61% in 45 min contact time.
Conclusion: This study indicated that activation of persulfate by Fe²⁺ in the present of UV process could serve as a novel treatment technique for removal of phenol in aqueous solution.