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Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA) are produced against lysozomal constituents and primary granules of myeloid cells (Neutrophiles & monocytes) in some rheumatic diseases and wegner’s granulomtosis (WG). This antibodies not only may related to onset of vasculitis lesions, but also have a valuable diagnostic tool, thus, first we tired to evaluated the prevalence of this antibodies in 65 serum of patients with RA and 42 serum of patients with SLE. By using of indirect immunoflourescence assay (IFA), two staining patterns are recognized: Cytoplasmic (C-ANCA) pattern which in 80% of results from anti-PR3, and prenuclear (P-ANCA) pattern, which can result from any antibody directed to myeloperoxidase (MPO), cathepsin G (CG) lactoferrin (LF), elastsae (HLE) and lysozyme (LZ). The sensitivity and specificity for SLE from 1:128 serum dilution was 8% and 85.1% respectively, and for RA from 1:16 dilution was 32.2% and 87.5% respectively. Of the 19 SLE, ANCA positive patients 18 (94.7%) had P-ANCA and 1 patient (5.3%) had C-ANCA and of the 23 RA, ANCA positive patients, 17 (73.9%) had P-ANCA and 6 patients (26.1%) had C-ANCA.

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This study was designed to evaluate the effects of total extract of Phytolacca Decandra on electrophysiological properties of atrioventricular node. Male rat heart after isolation was attached to a Langendorff perfusion system. The stimulation protocol was carried out during control condition (No intervention) and on the presence of selected concentration (1.10-7 %w/v, 2.10-7 %w/v, 5.10-7 %w/v) of Phytolacca Decandra. The basic (Wenchebach, AVCT and ERP) and functional (Recovery) properties of AV-node were studied in solated, perfused male rat cardiac preparations. Total extract of P.decandra significantly increased WBCL, AVCT and ERP in the concentration dependent manner, but had no significant effect on the time constant of recovery. The results of this study demonstrate that total extract of P.decandra had parasympathic-like effect on time-independent properties of AV-node and the above results also showed a potential anti-arrhythmic role of P.decandra in terminating supraventricular tachyarrhythmia.

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The amount of stainable Iron in the bone marrow is frequently used as a means of assessing Iron stores. In our study marrow Iron assessed in needle biopsy sections and simultaneously obtained aspirated smears from 75 patients. Significantly different amounts of stainable Iron were observed in needle biopsy and aspirated smears in 53.3% of the specimen. The usual difference consisted of significantly less stainable Iron in needle biopsy sections as compared to the aspirated smears (49.3%). In according to this study, in comparison of needle biopsy section to aspirated smears (As a golden test), sensitivity and specificity were 88 and 64 percent, respectively. Also, positive and negative predictive values were 56.5 and 91%, respectively. It can be appreciated that marrow assessment of Iron content may be associated with distinct differences between the needle biopsy specimens, and the aspirated smears, and could lead to diagnostic error, although, with some limitations and cautions biopsy specimen can be used for Iron assessment.

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All the Lipids within the cellular membranes are existed in bilayer structure, but it has been proved that when some of these Lipids extracted from the native membrane and dispersed in water, it does exhibit non-bilayer structure, although the same Lipids have got bilayer structure in the membrane itself. It has been reported that some factors such as, enzymes (Lipase), temperature, change of pH and presence of some ions, some biochemical, biophysical and physiological variation, can convert the bilayer forming Lipids into the non-bilayer structure within the native membrane itself. Endocytotic vesicles are generated when segments of plasma membrane invaginated enclosing a minute volume of extracellular fluid and its contents. In exocytosis also remodeling of membrane is involved and most cells release macromolecules to the exterior by exocytosis, the processes of diffusion also happen with some Lipids change into the non-bilayer structure. The question that represent the subject of this review article is the way the Lipids in cellular membrane change their molecular structure from the bilayer to non-bilayer structure, to pave the way for the above processes.

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Cryptorchidism means undersecending testes, it is one of the most disorder in boy’s urogenital system. The aim of this research is to study the cryptorchidism prevalency in newborn boys in Gorgan. This research is a descriptive and cross-sectional study and the population under examination are those newborn boys that are given birth in Dizyani Hospital during 1377. 2318 newborn boys examined by standard physical method and the relation between this disorder and the following parameters has been the main concerns of this study, these are as follow: Either bilateral or unilateral cryptorchidism, mother’s age, parity, birth weight, maturating as birth, and race. The results of this study show, that from 2318 newborn boys 89 infant (3.8%) have cryptorchidism at birth. From those latter figures 2.3% are unilateral and 1.5% are bilateral. Our result indicate that there is a significant correlation between cryptorchidism gestational age (P<0.0001) and birth weight (P<0.0001) but there is no relation between cryptorchidism with mother age and parity. The present research also indicate that cryptorchidism prevalency in under-weight newborn and premature infant is considerably increased. The conclusion of our study indicate that cryptorchidism prevalency has got no significant differences from previous investigations.

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This study has been performed on show the incidence of sensory neural hearing loss (SNHL) in patients with chronic Otitis Media (COM) and it’s different parameters. 207 patients with persistent or previous otorrhea have been examined. 70 patients had bilateral otorrhea and 137 patients had unilateral problem so overall 277 ears are evaluated. The BC greater than 15 dB without carhartnotch was the basis for diagnosis of SNHL. 66 patients had SNHL and of them 26 cases were bilateral so total number of ears with SNHL were 92 (The incidence of SNHL was 32.2%). 3 cases were due to other causes like TB (1 case) RM fistula (1 case) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of middle ear (1 case). About 90.3% of cases had down slooping high frequency SNHL in their audiogram. In 47.6% of the ears with granulation tissue and cholesteatoma had SNHL while 28.7% of cases with chronic perforation revealed SNHL. Analysis of this study showed that there is a probability of increased SNHL during old ages the cases of prolonged and persisted otorrhea also revealed a higher incidence of SNHL. We didn’t disclose correlation between age and severity of SNHL.

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Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. Histologic grading is one of the prognostic factors in breast cancer. The present study performed in analytic descriptive method and based on the slide review of beast biopsies received in the pathology department of 5th Azar Hospital from 1976 to 1978, and on the basis of Bloom-Richardson criteria (Mitoses, tubule formation and nuclear pleomorphism). The results are consist of: 1) Infiltrating duct carcinoma is the most common histopathologic form, and tubular carcinoma is the least common 2) The most common age is 36-45 years 3) There is meaningful relationship between mitoses and tubule formation and between pleomorphism and tubule formation. But there is no relation between nuclear pleomorphism and tubule formation in the tumor. Histologic grading of breast carcinoma should be reported by pathologist for clear determination of prognosis and also the best choice for management of the tumors.

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Intestinal parasites have worldwide prevalence and is considered to be as one of the most important hygienic problems in the world. As a whole, we can say there is no where in the world without parasites infestations. For the assessment of parasitic infestations of children under 2 years old in urban areas of Semnan, sample of stools for 3 consecutive days of 359 children under 2 years old, whom were accompanied by their mothers to the health center, were obtained. Samples were recognized by Formalin/ether and direct methods and thionin staining. From 359 children below 2 years old that their stools were examined, 14.2% of them had Protozoa infestation and Giardia Lamblia by 10% was the most common parasite. In these children, infestation by intestinal helminths was not seen and infestation by pathogen parasites was seen in 10.3%. There was significant association between the age and infestation by intestinal parasites (P=0.0000). There was not any significant association between the sexual, areas condition (Tropical/cold) by intestinal parasites. The most common parasite was Giardia. Therefore, educating mothers the principles of hygiene, can prevent infestation to parasites and the potential complications.

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Low birth weight (LBW) is the main known determinant mortality in under 1 year old children particularly in neonates. The aim of this research is to study the rate of LBW and evaluation of some effective factors in LBW, such as: Difference races, residential conditions, maternal age, parity. This research is analytic-descriptive and cross-sectional study. The study population consists of 2183 newborns that are given birth in Dezyani Hospital during 1996. These samples were chosen by systemic randomized technic (3:1). Information was gathered by a questionnaire. The findings show that LBW rate was 6.3% in population under study, which in male and female newborns were 5.7% and 6.9% respectively. The LBW rates in newborns with mothers age?18 years old and those with ?35 years were 1.8% and 1.4% folds higher than LBW rates for newborns with mothers age 19-35 years. The LBW percentage for primiparous women were 1.9 folds to multiparous who had 2-4 deliveries. LBW rates for newborns with Systanie race were approximately 1.8 folds higher than newborns with Torkman ethnic. The results of this study indicate factors such as: Maternal age, race, parity, affect on LBW rates.

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Enuresis is one of the most common and complex problems of childhood and it affects the relationships between children, parents and coevals. It negatively affects these relationships. Studies have shown that in comparison with normal children, Enuresis children have behavioral problems and suffer them. This survey was done with this aim to determined and compare enuresis and non-enuresis children’s behavioral adjustment in Hamadan primary schools. This study was conducted by case-control method and a total of 320 pupils were studied. These subjects were selected randomly by multi-phase sampling. The interview forms were the data collecting means. It was based on children’s behavioral checklist for the school-aged children which had been reported by Russel and Cassel. The survey results showed that there was a difference in scores obtained by enuresis and non-enuresis children from the view point of self, social, physical, home and school and general personality adjustment and high percentage enuresis children had behavioral problems and there was statistical meaningful difference between the scores obtained by two groups.

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One of the effective way to treat and control the neuromuscular organs from injuries of lower limbs in the exercise of backward running. The present research has been set up to determine the effectiveness of this sport and comparing it with forward walking. The aim of this clinical trial is to differentiate between the effectiveness of these two sports on the functional performance tests of lower limbs. To carry out this study 30 normal male has been divided in two groups, in group one forward walking is carried out three 15 minutes session per week for six weeks, and backwards walking has been arranged for group 2 on the same condition. The functional performance tests in this study were vertical jump, single leg hop jump for the distance of 6 meters, in forward and backward running. The findings from this study indicate that there is not meaningful improvement during the six weeks within the 2 different sports. On the basis of these results the 2 procedures of running forward and backward have got the same effect on the increasing the functional performance of lower limbs and both sports can be used active functional rehabilitation.

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Monogalactosyl Diacylglycerol is a glycolipid and contain a high proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acid substituents and form hexagonal structure when dispersed in excess water. Catalytic hydrogenation of this Lipid in the presence of catalyst completely saturates the hydrocarbon chains and the Lipid forms typical open sheet bilayer structure in water at 20?C. Binary mintures of native and hydrogenated Lipid tend to phase-separated at 20?C, our results which was obtained by electron microscope reveals lamellar phase Lipid indispersed with regions of hexagonal structure and the proportion of each reflect the composition of mixture. Monogalactosyl Diacylglycerol is one of those Lipids, which present in high amount in thylakoid membrane of chloroplast. This membrane and others they go through this kind transformation in their Lipid structure to enable the biochemical physiological functions of the cells.

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Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disorder that is associated with long-term complications of various organs, such as cardiovascular system. This study is about evaluation of myocardial function and determination of related cardiovascular factor in type 2 diabetic patients who referred to diabetes clinic of 5th Azar Hospital from 200 patients who referred to the clinic, 48.5% had diastolic and 29.5% had systolic dysfunction. Related factors with both diastolic and systolic dysfunction of diabetic patients are: HbA1c level (Control of diabetes), duration of diabetes and hypertension. This investigation shows that: Incidence and severity of systolic and diastolic dysfunction in type 2 diabetic patients are related to metabolic state and quality of diabetic control. Incidence of hypertension increase in diabetic patients, and hypertension is an important risk factor in diastolic and systolic dysfunction. Diastolic dysfunction is more common than systolic dysfunction in diabetic patients. Intensive control of blood Glucose level lead to decreasing the incidence of coronary artery disease in diabetic patients. We suggest, intensive control of blood Glucose level, treatment of hypertension, regular cardiovascular evaluation in diabetic patients and screening test for early diagnosis of diabetes in high-risk population should be taken under consideration.

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The cancer of breast is the most common malignancy among women and after cancer of the lung is the second cause of death in females. Thus, early diagnosis and treatment can have a effect significant in prognosis and clinical course of disease. One of the numerous controversial tissues to the clinical management of breast cancers is the role of fine-needle aspiration (FNA) to assess the accuracy and determine the role of FNA in breast cancer diagnosis, we performed both FNA and excisional biopsy in 86 unselected patients with palpable breast masses and correlated the cytologic and histopathologic findings. In our study, FNA had no false-negative and no false-positive results, and the sensitivity of diagnosis of malignant tumors was 88.8%, the specificity of diagnosis of benign lesions was 96.2% and the predictive values were 100%, respectively. On the basis of above study, breast FNA may add a measure of confidence in the diagnosis of benign lesions, provides a safeguard for preventing misdiagnosis of malignant lesion, and might expedite and reduce the cost of managing breast cancer. Also, breast FNA like any diagnostic method depends to individual techniques and continual practice.

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Peripapilary Toxoplasmosis Chorioretinitis is a rare condition that occurred with papilitis and damage the nerve fiber in the involved zone and visual field defect with central scotoma. Therefore the first complain of these patients are central visual field defect. A 16 years old woman without history of systemic and ocular disease with suddenly central visual field defect and blurred vision was referred to clinic. She was 2+ MG and color vision defect and peripapilary chorioretinitis with papilitis. Elevation of toxo IgG and IgM titer was reported to be higher the normal initially and a week later.

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Sialoprotein is one of the most abundant non-collageneous and phosphorylated glycoproteins in human. This protein plays an important role in the structure of human teeth. The aim of this project is to measure the amount of dentin Sialoprotein in the healthy and decay teeth to evaluate the variation in the teeth structure. In this investigation 50 decay teeth has been collected from patients referred to the clinic. The dentin was separated and placed in liquid Nitrogen. One gram of each dentin was washed with distilled water for 30 mins and subsequently the dentin was powdered, and relocated to the gaunidin-Hcl tris buffer, and incubated at 4°C for 48 hrs. The dentin powder was centrifuged at 3000 g for 20 mine. The supernatant was discarded, and the samples again was centrifuged at 10000 g. Finally one ml of this supernatant transferred to the sepharose column and washed with gaunidin-Hcl tris at 1 ml/min. The fractions obtained by chromatography was monitored by electrophoresis. The amount of decay teeth Sialoprotein was 17.23±1.45 ng/l and in the healthy teeth was 26.39±4.27 ng/l. The results from this study indicate that the Sialoprotein content in patient dentin decreased by about 1.5 time compared normal subjects.