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Background and Objective: Low birth weight (LBW) is one of the most important problems in the world. Many morbidity are more prevalent in LBW included in attention deficit and hyper activity disorder (ADHD). This study was done to find the Relation between low birth weight with attention deficit and hyper activity disorder in children. Methods: This historical cohort study was done on 226 rural children in Yazd province, central area of Iran. ADHD symptoms were evaluated in LBW and NBW using DSM-IV criteria. Results: Frequency of ADHD was 22.8% in LBW and 12.5% in NBW (P<0.05). The mean of family members was 4.7±0.6 and 4.2±0.8 in child with ADHD versus child without ADHD (P<0.05). Odd's ratio for ADHD was 3.1 in patient with more than one sister or brother (95% CI: 1.2-7.9, P<0.001), and 5.7 in patients with positive familial history (95% CI: 2.6-12.4, P<0.001). Conclusion: Relationship between ADHD and LBW was statistically significant. Positive familial history for ADHD and over-crowded family were social factors related with ADHD. LBW is one of the risk factors for ADHD and can be considered in children health program ADHD was frequent in child with low birth weight than child with normal birth weight.

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Background and Objective: Cyclooxygenase 1 and 2 activities on arachidonic fatty acids of cell membrane produces prostaglandins which involved in inflammatory processes. This study was done to evaluate the effect of hexanic and hydroalcoholic extract of Cannabis sativa flowers on inflammatory paw edema in rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 56 male Wistar rats were allocated into the control, sham, sodium salicylate (300mg/kg/bw) and hydroalcoholic extract of heated flowers in 1, 10 and 50 mg/kg/bw, hydroalcoholic extract of unheated flowers in 50mg/kg/bw and hexanic extract of heated flower in 50mg/kg/bw, intraperitonally. 30 minutes after injection, inflammatory edema volume due to sub plantar injection of formalin (0.05 ml, 2.5%) measeared using plethysmometric method. Results: Intraperitonally injection of 50mg/kg/bw, of hydroalcoholic and hexanic extracts of heated flowers significantly reduced in inflammatory paw edema induced by formalin (P<0.05). Also, 50mg/kg/bw, hydroalcoholic extract of unheated flowers reduced the inflammatory paw edema in comparison with heated extracts (P<0.05). Conclusion: Hydroalcoholic extract of heated flowers decreased inflammation-induced paw edema in dose-dependent manner. The extract of unheated flowers, leads to more reduction of the inflammatory paw edema in comparison to heated flower extract, it can be due to carboxylated cannabinoid present in the hydroalcoholic extract of unheated flowers.

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Background and Objective: Neonatal mortality rate is one of the most important health criteria, worldwide. Understanding the major neonatal mortality causes will help to plan for better pregnancy, prenatal and neonatal care systems. This study was conducted to determine the neonatal mortality risk factors in Maraveh Tapeh County in Golestan province, north of Iran. Methods: In this case-control study, according to either death or live in 28th day after birth, 52 neonates were considered as case group and 201 neonates were considered as control group. Data collection questionnair were adjusted and completed for each neonate. Results: Neonatal mortality rate was 11.76, 13.36 and 6.46 per 1000 live birth in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. Five main causes of death were prematurity, events, birth defect, respiratory distress syndrome and sepsis, respectively. There was a significant relation between death and prematurity, birth weight and gender (P<0.05). There was relationship between birth weight and neonatal mortality (Odds Ratio=29.6). Conclusion: Prematurity and low birth weight were the most important causes of neonatal mortality in Maraveh Tapeh county in Golestan province, north of Iran.

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Background and Objective: Low back pain is a common musculoskeletal disorder. Core stability exercises have been recommended to improve neuromuscular skeletal system function in order to increase the protection of vertebral column and improve functional activities. This study was done to evaluate the effect of core stability and general exercise on functional activity in non- specific low back pain patients.

Methods: In this clinical trail study, sixty patients with chronic low back pain were randomly divided into general exercise (n=30) and core stability (n=30) groups. The protocol of intervention included 4 weeks (3 sessions in week) of designed exercise for each group. The functional activities were measured before and after intervention.

Results: Functional activity indicators were significantly increased in core stability exercise compared to general exercise (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Core stability exercise is more effective than general exercise to improve functional activities in patients with non-specific low back pain.

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Background and Objective: Diabetic neuropathy is one of the most prevalent complications of diabetic micro-vascular that causing sensory loss of the legs, pain and disorder in proprioception after destroying of the lower limbs nervous system afferents consequently leads in balance disorder. This study was done to determine the effectiveness of reflexology and Yumeiho massages on lower limb pain and keep balance in females with diabetic neuropathy.

Methods: In this semi-experimental study, thirty-four patients with diabetic neuropathyin lower limb non-randomly divided into reflexology, Yumeiho and control groups. Pain and balance were measured using the visual analogue scale, Sharpened Romberg and berg test respectively that were completed at baseline and after 6 weeks. Six weeks of Yumeiho and reflexology massaging were applied over 3 days in week for 30 minutes on the experimental groups.

Results: Pain and balance of patients singnificantly improved in reflexology and Yumeiho groups in compared to controls (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between reflexology and Yumeiho groups.

Conclusion: Reflexology and Yumeiho massages have a same impact on the pain rate and balance of lower limb in women with diabetic neuropathy.

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Background and Objective: Ovarian cancer is the fifth common cancer among women and the number of new cases is increasing. Valproic acid is a histone deacetylase inhibitor effectively used to treat epilepsy and bipolar disease. Recently, this compound has attracted attention as an anti-cancer agent. Bim is one of the most important genes of mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, and it plays an important role in the biology of cancer. Expression of this gene is greatly reduced in ovarian cancer. This study was done to evaluate the effect of valproic acid on the viability of ovarian cancer cells, apoptosis and Bim gene expression in A2780 line.
Methods: In this experimental study, the human ovarian cancer cells (A2780) were grown in RPMI-1640 medium in appropriate culture conditions. The cells were treated by various concentrations valproic acid (1-30 mM) and were incubated for 24, 48 and 72 hours. After the incubation of period, cell viability was investigated using MTT. Apoptosis was analyzed by flow-cytometry method in the cells were treated by valproic acid. The Real time PCR test was used to assess the effect of this drug on the expression of Bim gene.
Results: The results of MTT assay showed that valproic acid reduced the viability of A2780 cells, and this effect was time and dose-dependent. The reduction of cell viability at 30 mM concentration and 72 hours after treatment, was maximum and statistically significant (P<0.05). Exposure to valproic acid significantly increased the percentage of apoptotic cells (P<0.05). Also, Valproic acid significantly increased the expression of Bim (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Valproic acid reduced viability in ovarian cancer cell line A2780. Valproic acid increased cell death by altering the expression of genes involved in apoptosis in ovarian cancer cell line A2780.

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Background and Objective: Lower back pain is one of the common discomforts of the occupational-musculoskeletal system, and the scope of motion measurement is important for assessing the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions. This study was carried out to evaluate the reproducibility of the modified-modified Shober's technique (MMST) in measuring the range of motion of lumbar in patients with non-specific chronic low back pain.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytic study, the range of motion of lumbar (flexion and extension) of 15 patients with non-specific chronic low back pain was measured in three times with modified – modified Shober's technique by two physiotherapists. To achieve this, the correlation coefficient (ICC) was used. Two measurements with an interval of one hour and one week were run to evaluate the reproducibility within-days and between-day, respectively.
Results: Flexion and extension were measured by the first assessor in within-day that showed a high reproducibility for flexion (ICC=0.88) and extension (ICC=0.71), findings also revealed an acceptable ICC for flexion (ICC=0.85) and extension (ICC=0.68) in between-days. The second assessor measurements of flexion and extension in whiten-day also presented high reproducibility for flexion (ICC=0.85) and extension (ICC=0.76); moreover, in between-days evaluation, correlation was found for flexion (ICC=0.81) and for extension (ICC=0.71).
Conclusion: This study showed that the modified-modified Shober's technique is applicable for measuring the reproducibility of range of lumbar motion in patients with non-specific chronic lumbar pain.

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Background and Objective: Considering the importance of coverage and quality of data in Golestan population-based Cancer Registry (GPCR), northern Iran. This study was conducted to determine the effect of the referral of cancer patients to medical centers outside Golestan province on the coverage of the population-based cancer registry program.
Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was performed on all cancer patients registered in the diagnostic centers of Golestan province, northern Iran during 2008-10. Data of patients referred to the centers of the province from the bank of the Golestan province cancer registry program and data of patients referred to the centers outside the province were received from the Ministry of Health Department of Cancer. Data were analyzed using the record linkage method.
Results: A total of 6083 new cases of cancer were registered in Golestan province. According to the cancer data, 678 (11%) of them were referred to outside of Golestan province centers. 343 of these 678 patients (50.6%) were found as duplicate records between the two datasets. The most frequent cases were gastric cancers (70.4%), breast (63.5%) and esophagus (62.5%).
Conclusion: This study suggested that referrals of cancer patients to centers outside the Golestan province may result in an underestimation of about 5% in GPCR. This level of underestimation seems to have no considerable effects on completeness and quality of data in the GPCR.

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Background and Objective: Obesity is a major healthy problem wordwide. The incidence and severity of obesity is incrased in recent years. Satiety is described as a blocker of receiving more food after the end of eating. Satiety index (SI) is considered as index for measerment of ablity of food for losing of hungry and making satiety for more than 2 houres. This study was done to determine satiety index of low-fat yogurt (1.5%) and white bread in healthy adults with normal body mass index.
Methods: This quasi - experimental study was conducted on 30 healthy adults with normal body mass index for two consecutive days. In the first day, each subject was consumed 90 grams white bread and in the second day, each subject was consumed 526 grams of 1.5% low-fat yogurt within 15 minutes. The satiety of low-fat yogurt and white bread based on VAS and LIKERT scales was measeared. Cronbach's alpha was determined 0.98 for satiety of white bread and 0.947 for low-fat yogurt
Results: Satiety index of low-fat yogurt was 136.66±1.46 in compared to white bread (SI=100). The level of satiety after 120 minutes of consumption of white bread and low-fat yogurt were not significant based on the VAS scale, but according to the LIKERT scale, low-fat yogurt (1.60±0.43) significantly increased the Satiety index (P<0.05).
Conclusion: The satiety index of low-fat yogurt in adults with normal body weight was 136.66% compared to white bread that showed higher satiety of low-fat yogurt compared to white bread.

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Background and Objective: The asymmetry index during walking can be used for clinical treatment. This study was done to determine the immediate and long-term effects of foot orthoses on asymmetry of ground reaction forces frequency spectrum in male children with flat foot during walking.
Methods: This clinical trial study was done on fifteen children with flat foot. Subjects were randomly divided into without foot orthoses, immediate and long term usage of foot orthoses groups. The kinematic and kinetic data during three without foot orthoses, immediate and long term use of foot orthoses conditions were recorded by the motion analysis and force platform systems, respectively.
Results: Asymmetry index of medio-lateral frequency spectrum component during walking without foot orthoses, immediate and long term use of orthoses in median frequency and band width were greater than 4 percent. There were not any significant differences in asymmetry index of ground reaction force frequency spectrum components, asymmetry index of essential harmony numbers, asymmetry index of essential harmony total powers, and asymmetry index of fundamental harmony number in vertical, anterior-posterior,  and medio-lateral axes between without foot orthoses, immediate and long term use of foot orthoses conditions. However, asymmetry index of essential harmony total power in medio-lateral axis during immediate use of foot orthoses tend to be reduced than that walking without foot orthoses. However, this difference was not significant.
Conclusion: Despite the high asymmetry index of the ground reaction force frequency spectrum in the medio-lateral component during walking without foot orthoses, immediate and long-term effects of foot orthoses in the median and bandwidth frequency variables, the acute or long term use of foot orthoses did not show any significant effect on improvement of asymmetry index of ground reaction force frequency spectrum components.

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Background and Objective: Proprioceptors of the plantar surfaces of the foot have less efficiency and the stimulation and reinforcement of them may be lead to reduction of falling risk. One of the methods to reinforce proprioceptor receptors in these individuals is using textured foot orthoses. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of textured foot orthoses on frequency spectrum of lower extremity muscles, stance time and comfort in individuals over age of 55 years during walking.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was done on the 14 females and 14 males age ranged of 56-70 years with the ability to walk independently and with physical and mental health status. Subjects were compared during five conditions including without foot orthoses and using four foot orthoses (including small and large foot orthoses with two types of flexible and rigid), flexible and rigid large textured foot orthoses. The 8 electrodes were located on tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, semitendinisus, gluteus, and erector spinae in 3 lumbar vertebrae region muscles.
Results: Frequency content of tibialis anterior and vastus medialis was significantly increased in males than female (P<0.05). Vastus medialis frequency during walking with large foot orthoses was more than walking without foot orthoses (P<0.05). The comfort level was different during flexible large textured foot orthoses condition compared with flexible small textured foot orthoses condition (P<0.05). The stance time was not significant between all conditions.
Conclusion: Increased frequency content of the vastus medialis muscle can increase the absorption and decrease the vertical loading rate imposed on the foot, which in turn reduces the risk of injury of the lower limb in older adults.

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Background and Objective: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common diseases of the central nervous system. MS is more common among women. Gait pattern dysfunction is a relevant symptom in these patients. This study was conducted to compare the electromyography activity of selected lower extremity muscles and the ellipse area of center of pressure during unplanned gait termination in female patients with multiple sclerosis and healthy individuals.
Methods: This case-control study was performed on 10 female patients with MS (classified based on the EDSS scale) and 10 healthy subjects matched for height, age and weight. Electromyography activity of rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), semitendinosus (SM), gastrocnemius medius (GM) and tibialis anterior (TA) and center of pressure (CoP) recorded using foot pressure system during unplanned gait termination. Subjects were instructed to stop, as soon as possible, in response to an auditory cue delivered when the heel strike phase accidentally.
Results: Vastus Lateralis muscle activity was significantly higher in able-bodied group than patients (P<0.05), whereas in the patient group gastrocnemius medius muscle activity increased significantly (P<0.05). Also, the ellipse area of center of pressure significantly reduced in MS group in compered to able-bodied group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Increased gastrocnemius medius muscle activity in MS patients may be due to their attempt to slow down the displacement of the center of mass to limit the tibia forward translation consequently, attempting to control balance as a strategy to limit the ellipse area of center of pressure to prevent fall.

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Background and Objective: Vitamin deficiency is common in patients with chronic low back pain and is one of the most important risk factors for chronic kidney disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of one course of core stabilization exercise and vitamin D intake on some of renal function biomarkers in patients with chronic back pain.
Methods: This single-blind clinical trial study was done on 48 women with chronic low back pain with random assignment in 4 groups of 12 people including control, exercise, vitamin D and combined groups. The exercise and combined groups performed 8 weeks of core stabilizing exercises with different levels. The vitamin D and combined groups received 50,000 IU vitamin D/week. Creatinine, urea and uric acid levels were measured before and after the interventions.
Results: The results showed that 74.26% and 25.64% of the patients had deficiency and insufficiency of vitamin D, respectively. After 8 weeks, significant reduction was observed in creatinine, urea and uric acid indicators of the exercise, vitamin D and combined groups (P˂0.05). In addition, combined intervention induced more reduction in mean of urea, and uric acid levels in compared to the two other interventions but the effect of exercise on the reduction of uric acid was more than vitamin D intake (P˂0.05).
Conclusion: Both core stabilization exercises and vitamin D intake intervention can be effective in improving renal function in chronic low back pain patients having abnormal low vitamin D levels. On the other hand the combined intervention seems to have more effectiveness.

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Background and Objective: Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) plays an important role in muscle biology and is involved in hypertrophy and activation of satellite cells. This study was done to determine the effect of eight weeks of concurrent training with different order on S1P in fast and slow muscles in wistar rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male wistar rats (weight 180-200 gr) were randomly allocated into 5 groups including control, resistance training, endurance training, resistance- endurance training, endurance- resistance training. Resistance training consisted 1-meter ladder climbing with the loading of percent of overloading test (%75 of weight body) in the first week and increased to 30 gr per week. Endurance training consisted of running on treadmill with speed of 12 m/min and 10 minutes in the first week to 30 m/min and 60 minutes in the last week. The resistance- endurance group performed resistance training 5 minutes before endurance training and the endurance- resistance group performed endurance training 5 minutes after resistance training. The protein level of S1P was measured in flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and soleus muscles.
Results: The S1P level in fast and slow twitch muscle increased significantly in endurance- resistance training, resistance- endurance training and resistance training compared to controls (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between concurrent training with differing order.
Conclusion: It seems that exercise order in concurrent training result in no different effect on S1P level in fast and slow twitch muscles in wistar rats.

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Background and Objective: Back pain is a common orthopedic disease that affects up to 80% of the population at some point in life. Brace is one of the tools that used to reduce pain. The relationship between brace application and gait parameters in people with low back pain is not well understood. This study was done to determine the effects of simple and sensor thoracolumbosacral braces on gait kinetics in patients with low back pain.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed on 15 men and women with low back pain in the biomechanics laboratory of Mohaghegh Ardabili University Health Center in nort-west of Iran during 2020. Each participant performed three gait conditions including without brace, with sensory brace and with simple brace. Ground reaction forces were recorded and compared by a force plate while walking.
Results: The average walking speed during no brace, simple brace and sensor braces were not significant different. Also, results did not demonstrate any significant effect of simple or sensor braces on ground reaction force amplitudes, their time to peak, and free moment values.
Conclusion: Simple and sensory thoracolumbosacral brace did not effect on gait kinetics in low back patients.

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Background and Objective: The scientific evidence related to the effectiveness of rehabilitation on electromyographical activity of trunk muscles is limited. This study was performed to determine the effect of movement-pattern training on frequency of selected trunk muscles during single-leg landing in individuals with non-specific chronic low back pain.
Methods: In this clinical trial study, 28 patients with non-specific chronic low back pain were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. The control group did not receive treatment. The intervention group performed treatment as a movement-pattern training. Subjects performed single leg landing from 30 cm height. Trunk muscle activity was assessed using an 8-chanel EMG system. The assessments were completed in pre-test and after six weeks.
Results: Frequency content of right rectus abdominus and right lumbar erector spinae in intervention group were lower than control group (P<0.05). In other muscles ant there was not any significant significant differences between interventional and control groups.
Conclusion: The movement-pattern training can be used in rehabilitation of individuals with non-specific chronic low back pain.