---

Background&Objective: Comorbidity between ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) and major depression has been reported from both epidemiologic and clinical studies of both children and adults. With the use of family study methods, we tested hypotheses about patterns of familial association between attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depressive disorder among first-degree relatives of clinically referred children and adolescents with ADHD. Materials&Methods: In this case – control study, were 208 probands with ADHD (aged 5-17 yrs) were diagnosed by clinical interview and the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School–Age Children Present and Lifetime version (K–SADS–PL), and they were assessed for major depression with interview and K- SADS. 779 first degree relatives (416 parents, 363 siblings) were assessed with interview and K- SADS (for under 18 yrs) and SADS (for age up to 18 yrs) and Wender (for age up to 18 yrs) for major depression and ADHD. Results: Familial risk for ADHD was similar in the relatives of the ADHD probands. The risk for major depression disorder was three times higher in relatives of probands who had ADHD with depressive disorder than in those of the ADHD probands without depressive disorder. There was a tendency for ADHD probands' relatives who themselves had ADHD to have a higher risk for depressive disorder than ADHD probands' relatives who did not have ADHD (cosegregation). Conclusion: These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that ADHD and major depression disorder cosegregate within families.

---

Background&Objective: Postnatal depression is a key concept for mother-infant mental health. Identifying risk factors of postnatal depression and developing screening system are needed. The propose of this study was to determine Psychological and obstetric risk factors for postnatal depression Materials&Methods: 288 consecutive admitted women at 6-8 weeks after childbirth on maternity ward in Ghaem hospital, Mashad, Iran were assessed by two psychiatrics. Interview data included presence obstetric history, economic and demographic characteristics, Personality, psychiatric history and life-events information that were obtained from a questionnaire, psychological status was assessed by using the GHQ. The prevalence of distress was ascertained by the 28-item Goldberg Health Questionnaire (GHQ), using a cut-off score of > 24. Results: 57.6% of mothers had GHQ-above 24scores which categorized them as having significant emotional distress several psychological and obstetric risk factors for the development of predisposing psychological distress at 8 weeks postpartum were reported including: Economical situation, marital relationships, and the gender of the infant, multiparous women, caesarean section deliveries, and unplanned pregnancy Conclusion: The results emphasize the importance of cumulative psychosocial and obstetric risk factors for postnatal depression. Early identification of potential risk for postnatal depression should include assessment of sociodemography, personality, psychiatric history and recent life events, as well as past and present obstetric factors.

---

Background and Objective: Depression is the most common mood disorder. To assess the incidence and wide spread of depression and associated factor among of Bakhteyari tribal as native population in Chaharmahal and Bahkteyari province, this study was conducted. Materials & Methods: This study was a descriptive and cross-sectional study which was carried out on 400 subjects by using a systematic random sample technique during 2006. Depression was assessed by Beck inventory depressive questionnaire. Data was Analyzed by SPSS-11 Software and t-test , Chi-Square , ANOVA. Results: Mean±SD of depression score in female and male were 18.5±10.8 and 14.9±11.45, respectivly. Depression incidence rate in population was 29.6% (CI 95%: 25.6-33.6). Intermediate and upper degree of depression prevalence was determined to be 24%. The incidence rate of descriptive in female was higher than males (P<0.05). There was a significant relationship between depression in house wife and jobless people (p<0.05). The highest incidence rate was either under 20 years or above 50 years old. Conclusion: This study showed that the depresion rate is higher among the tribe than in other groups in this province.

---

Background and Objective: According to destructive consequences of untreated attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), this study was done to evaluate of the prevalence of adult ADHD and its relation with depression among Iranian students. Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 414 students of Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran during 2010-11. ADHD was screened by ADHD self report scale for adult ADHD and asking DSM-IV criteria from parents for childhood ADHD. Beck depression inventory questionnaire was used to determine depression. Results: The prevalence of adult ADHD and childhood ADHD was 3.9% and 8.5%, respectively. Depression was more prevalent in those with adult or childhood ADHD. Depression was more prevalent in under graduate than post graduate students (P<0.05). Conclusion: Depression is more prevalent in students with adult ADHD or with history of childhood ADHD.

---

Background and Objective: Thalassemias is the most common inherited disease in the world. This study was designed to assess general health of patients with beta-thalassemia major in Gorgan, northern Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was performed on 163 patients with beta-thalassemia major whom referred to Thalghani hospital in Gorgan, northern Iran. Socio-Psychosocial status of patients was assessed by using general health questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28). Results: Socio-Psychosocial status of 44.2%, 46% and 9.8% of patients was normal, suspected and suffered from psychosocial disorders, respectively. Social dysfunction (12.9%) and depression (10.4%) were the most prevalent and anxiety was the less prevalent (4.9%) in the patients. There were significant correlations between psychosocial status and mother’s ocupation (P<0.05), patients level of education (P<0.05) and history of associated diseases (P<0.05). Conclusion: Social dysfunction and depression were the two major general health complications in beta-thalassemia patients in this region.

---

Background and Objective: Anxiety and depression are experienced following addicted patients durg withdrawal. This study was done to determine the effect of methadone and valproate combination on morphine withdrawal-induced anxiety and depression in male mice. Methods: In this experimental study, ninety-eight male mice were allocated into acute and chronic categories. Animals in acute chronic categories allocated into seven groups including: saline, morphine, methadone (10 mg/kg/bw), valproate (150 mg/kg/bw), three groups of valproate+methadone, in of ratio 1:1, 2:1 and 1:2. Animals were received escalating dose of morphine for 8 consecutive days except saline group. In chronic group, drugs were injected for 30 minutes before morphine administration, while in acute group the drugs were used only at day 8. Anxiety and depression due to naloxone injection (5 mg/kg/bw) was investigated by elevated plus-maze, tail-suspension and open field tests. Results: In the chronic group, valproate + methadone (2:1) combination therapy showed a significant increase in the percentage of open arm entries (53.86±1.9) and percentage of time spent in the open arm (58.58±4.15) compared to the morphine group, with a percentage of entering (28.12±2.03) and percentage of time (17.88±1.77) (P<0.05). In open field test, the ratio of the number to the duration of time spent in the central square, in the combination therapy groups of methadone+valproate (27±2), valproate+methadone (1:2) and valproate+methadone (2:1) were significantly increased in compare to the morphine group (P<0.05). In tail-suspension test, duration of immobility as an indicator of depression, in the treatment group of valproate+methadone (2:1) was significantly reduced (P<0.05). Conclusion: Valproate and methadone combination therapy particularly in ratio of 2:1 can reduce morphine withdrawal-induced anxiety and depression in animal model.

---

Background and Objective: In psychotherapy, mindfulness is intended as a mode promotion of self- awareness think to improve well-being. This study was done to determine the effect of mindfulness training on reduction of depressive symptoms among students. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 40 female students with depressive symptoms were divided into mindfulness training and control groups. Subjects in experimental group received training mindfulness-based stress reduction and the control group did not receive any training. Training was performed eight sessions for experimentl group. Subjects completed the beck depression questionnaire prior and after the training. Results: The mean±SD of depression symptoms was 21.10±5.6 but after mindfulness training significantly reduced to 11.5±3.70 (P<0.05). Conclusion: Mindfulness training reduces depression symptoms among female students.

---

Background and Objective: Child abuse is a common phenomenon with variety of reasons; the most important one is mother psychiatric disorders. Concurrent interventions in the family can recover the mother and reduce child abuse. This study was done to evaluate the effect of therapeutic intervention on general health of child abused mothers. Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted on 57 children and their child abused mothers whom referred to child psychiatry and pediatric department of Imam Hossien hospital, Tehran, Iran during November 2009- April 2010. Children and their families were visited by a psychiatrist and depend on the child and the family after either pharmaceutical or psychological interventions was taken. Parent management training was done for all mothers in 8 weekly sessions. General health questionnaire were filled by mothers before intervention in the third and sixth months following the intervention. Results: Total score of general health, depression and anxiety of child abused mothers were 31.3±1.90, 5.26±0.66, 8.10±0.46, respectively. It was significantly increased after six months intervention in comparison with pre-intervention (37.3±2.34, 7.48±0.72, 10.44±0.58, respectively). Conclusion: Appropriate therapeutic intervention and parent management training for mothers can improve general health of child abused mothers.

---

Background and Objective: Colorectal cancer can significantly cause physical, psychological and social problems. This study was done to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression in patients with colorectal cancer in Babol located in north of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional, analytical study was done on 120 (75 males, 45 females) patients with colorectal cancer which registered in the Babol cancer registry in north of Iran during 2008-12. A questionnaire containing demographic information, aspects of the disease and HADS questionnaire was completed by interviewing to assess anxiety and depression for each patient. Results: The prevalence rate of depression and anxiety in patients was 23.4% and 30.8%, respectively. Gender, residency of rural area, and having comorbidities are related to depression among which location was identified as an independent predictor. Urban residency had 79% less risk of depression than rural residents (95% CI=0.06-0.67, OR=0.21, P<0.009). Gender, resident of rural areas, unemployed, having comorbidities, low income and lack of education were associated with anxiety, among which only education was identified as an independent predictor (95% CI=1.32-13.81, OR=4.27, P<0.015). Conclusion: The prevalence of anxiety and depression in colorectal cancer patients was high in this area. Therefore, interventions are recommended to increase awareness and greater attention to rural women and controlling comorbidities.

---

Background and Objective: Cognitive behavioral therapy based on religion can increase the religious mind. This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy based on religion on depression and quality of life in patient with HIV/AIDS.

Methods: In this quasi -experimental study with pretest, post test and follow up with control group, 30 patients with HIV were non-randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Patients in intervention group were received 12 sessions of cognitive behavioral therapy based on religion, but patients in control group did not receive any intervention. Beck depression test (BDI-II) and quality of life questionnaire (WHOQOL-Brief) were used.

Results: The rate of depression in intervention group significantly reduced in compared to controls (P<0.05). The rate of quality of life significantly increased in intervention group in comparision with controls group (P<0.05). These results significantly persisted after follow- up period (P<0.05).

Conclusion: The cognitive behavioral therapy based on religion is effective on decrease of depression and increase of quality of life in patients with HIV/AIDS.

---

Background and Objective: Patients with psychological disorders including depression, anxiety and patients with choronic psychological diseases are not suitable for cosmetic rhinoplasty.This study was done to evaluate the mental health status before and after cosmetic rhinoplasty.

Methods: This quasi- experimental study was done on 100 women and men with mean age of 26.85±6.60 which candidated for cosmetic rhinoplasty. Subjects filled out psychological disorder symptom questianare (SCL-90-R) before and 3-6 months after cosmetic rhinoplasty.

Results: Women had more symptom (P<0.05) of depression (7.24 versus 10.79), somatization (4.64 versus 7.35), obsessive-compulsive (5.67 versus 8.51), interpersonal sensitivity (5.48 versus 7.52), anxiety (5.26 versus 8.07), symptom distress index (0.58 versus 0.79) and totally positive symptoms (32.29 versus 41.06) in comparison with men. The main effect of time factor showed that there was not significant difference between symptoms of psychological disorder before and 3-6 months after cosmetic rhinoplasty. Interactional effect of gender and time was not significant for each psychological disorder symptom.

Conclusion: The differences of deviation of psychological disorder symptoms, before cosmetic rhinoplasty and 3-6 months after cosmetic rhinoplasty were not significant. This finding can denotes existence of psychological symptoms before cosmetic surgery. Cosmetic surgery strengthens psychological symptoms in women the assessment and psychological intermediate with the aim of reducing psychological symptoms especially at time range of 3-6 months should be done.

---

Background and Objective: Resveratrol is a phenolic herbal compound which has been proposed as antioxidant in combinational therapy of diabetes, cancer and some neurodegenerative diseases. This study was done to evaluate additive effect of trans-resveratrol and imipramine to reduce depressive symptoms in the forced swimming test in mice.

Methods: In this experimental study, 56 Swiss Webster male mice were randomly allocated into 6 groups including negative control group (normal saline), positive control (imipramine (10 mg/kg/bw), experimental groups; trans resveratrol (10 mg/kg/bw), Imipiramine (10 mg/kg/bw) and mixtures (with ratio of 1:1 of resveratrol with imipramine (2.5 mg/kg/bw, 5 and 10 mg/kg/bw), intraperitoneally. The forced swimming test has been done for all groups. Through swimming of animals in water, the immobilization times of animals as depressive symptom were recorded.

Results: The immobilization times significantly reduced in animals which were received imipramine
10 mg/kg/bw in compare to control group (P<0.05). The immobilization times of animals were received resveratrol injection 10 mg/kg/bw with imipramine 10 mg/kg/bw was determined which it was significantly effective than imipramine10 mg/kg/bw, alone (P<0.05). The antidepressant effectiveness of resveratrol injection 5 mg/kg/bw is similar to resveratrol (2.5 mg/kg/bw) with imipramine (2.5mg/kg/bw). is similar to resveratrol (2.5 mg/kg) with imipramine (2.5 mg/kg/bw) (P<0.05). Also, antidepressant effect of intraperitoneal administration of resveratrol 10 mg/kg was significantly more than imipramine
10 mg/kg/bw (P<0.05).

Conclusion: According to additive effect of imipramine with resveratrol we can suggest resveratrol in combinations with other antidepressants to lower their doses and related side effects of chemical drugs.

---

Background and Objective: Sexual abuse including rape is a serious problem in one socity. One of the serious consequences of rape is depression. This study was done to determine the prevalence of depression among women complaining of rape in Tehran, Iran (2013).

Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 130 rape victims whom referred to the legal medicine center in Tehran, Iran during 2013. Beck questionnaire scale was used to determining of depression among women.

Results: The age range of 57% of victims of rape was between 20-30 years old. 48% of victims of rape were married .The rate of depression in victims of rape was 47.7%. Low, moderate and sever of depression was observed in 58%, 27.5% and 14.5% of the victims, respectively.

Conclusion: High prevalence of depression was determined in victims of rape in Tehran, Iran.

---

Background and Objective: Depression is the most common psychiatric diagnosis. It causes major health problems. Women are more likely to develop depression than men. This study was done to investigate the effect of group mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on reducing depression and improving the quality of life of female students.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed on 26 female students. Students non-randomly were divided into control and intervention groups. Students in intervention group were received the two periods (8 sessions, 2 hours at week) of training in mindfulness-based cognitive therapy. All the participants filled out Beck depression inventory II (BDI-II) and World Health Organization Quality of Life – BREF (WHOQOL-BREF) in perior and after the study.
Results: In the intervention group the mean and standard deviation of pre-test and post-test scores of BDI-II was 20.23±6.98 and 13.38±4.97, respectively (P<0.05). In the intervention group, mean and standard deviation of pre-test and post-test scores of WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire was 66.77±13.39 and 86.84±10.60, respectively (P<0.05). Also, the mean scores of post-test of quality of life in all subgroups items  was significantly increased in compared to the pre-test in the intervention group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy increases the quality of life and reduced depression in female students.

---

Background and Objective: Postpartum depression has a negative effect on maternal health and adverse effect on psychological development of newborns. Also patterns and personality traits can also be associated with postpartum depression. This study aimed to determine the role of social support and Personality in the incidence of postpartum depression.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 200 mothers referred to health centers by available sampling method between 6 weeks to 6 months after delivery. Data were collected using a Questionnaire Personal Information, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS, 1987), NEO-Five Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI, 1985) and Social Support Questionnaire Philips (1977).
Results: Postpartum depression was observed in 49 (24.5%) of mothers. Neuroticism had the highest relationship with postpartum depression. The correlation coefficient of this variable with postpartum depression was 52% and this variable alone was 27% of the variance. There was a significant negative relationship between postpartum depression and social support (r= -0.027, P<0.01). There was a significant positive correlation between postpartum depression and neuroticism (r= 0.52, P<0.01).
Conclusion: This study showed that personality traits and social support are two important factors in relation to postpartum depression.

---

Background and Objective: Writing about emotions and emotional disturbances, improve the performance of an autonomous system, immune system and physical and mental health. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of narrative writing on stress intensity of attendants’ patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICUs).
Methods: This single blind clinical study was done on 106 attendants’ of adult patients hospitalized in ICUs of Babol city in northern Iran. The patients' attendants were divided into two groups of 53 controls and intervention. Data were collected using stress (DASS21) questionnaire. Intervention was writing narration about feelings, thoughts and experiences related to the hospitalized patient and ICU in a notebook as daily for seven days in the intervention group.
Results: The mean and standard deviation of overall stress intensity following intervention were significantly reduced in the intervention group in comparison with controls (P<0.05) (22.64±7.89 versus 17.15± 8.2). There was significant relationship between intervention and control groups in three areas of stress, anxiety and depression (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Narrative writing reduces the severity of stress in attendants’ patients in ICUs.

---

Background and Objective: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common gastrointestinal disease which is associated with psychosocial factors. IBD is a gastrointestinal disease with chronic recurrence and with an uncontrolled immune response. There is no definitive treatment for IBD and treatment is based on management of inflammatory response during relapse and maintain of recovery. This study was conducted for evaluation of anxiety and depression disorders in patients with IBD in Golestan province, north of Iran during 2017.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study, 117 patients (67 women and 50 men) aged 17-75 years with IBD registered in IBD bank in Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology& Hepatology (GRCGH), north of Iran during 2017. Diagnosis was made by conventional endoscopy, radiology and histological criteria. Demographic information including age, sex, race and marital status, time of diagnosis until now and duration of treatment are recorded. Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) were used for determine depression and anxiety in these patients.
Results: 80.3% ulcerative colitis and 19.7% Crohn's disease was observed in patients. The mean of total anxiety score in the group with Crohn's disease was higher than ulcerative colitis but there was no significant difference. Total score of depression was similar and not significant in both groups. There was a significant statistical relationship between marital status and anxiety in patients with ulcerative colitis only (P<0.05). As borderline and suspicious status of the patient in married patients is 42.4% and in single patients is 33.3%. Abnormal anxiety state was 31.8% in married patients and not seen in single patients. A positive and significant correlation was seen between total anxiety scale and total depression scale in patients with ulcerative colitis (correlation index: 0.657, P<0.0001) and in patients with Crohn's disease (correlation index: 0.644, P<0.001). Therefore in these patients, if depression increases, anxiety was also increasd. Anxiety observed in 29.8% and 26.1% of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, respectively. Depression disorders observed in 18.1% and 8.7% of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, respectively.
Conclusion: This study showed that the level of anxiety and depression in patients with inflammatory disease is very high.

---

Background and Objective: Most people who commit suicide suffer from psychiatric disorders, especially depression and substance-related disorders. However, major psychiatric disorders are not the sole risk factor for suicide, and other reasons, such as physical illness, may also be considered as an important factor for suicide ideation. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of suicidal ideation and its relationship with depression and the general health status of patients referred to addiction treatment centers in Iran.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 689 patients referred to addiction treatment centers in Yazd, Khorasan Razavi, Mazandaran, Sistan and Baluchistan, Fars, East Azarbaijan, and Kermanshah Provinces who were undergoing maintenance treatment with methadone in 2017. In this multicenter study, the subjects were selected by two-stage sampling; in the first stage, seven provinces (clusters) were randomly selected, and in the second stage, the patients from the selected provinces were enrolled via convenience sampling. The instruments used in this study included the General Health Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Beck Suicide Idea Scale.
Results: Of 689 patients, 218 (31.6%) had suicidal ideation. 21.91% (151 cases) of subjects had history of attempted to suicide. There was a significant relationship between suicidal ideation, depression, and general health status and its dimensions including physical symptoms, anxiety and sleep disorders, social functioning, and depression (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Suicidal ideation is present in one-third of the people who refer to addiction treatment centers in Iran. Depression and poor general health are major contributors to suicidal ideation.
 

---

Background and Objective: Celiac disease is a malabsorption disorder that could result in various psychological consequences if patients do not adhere to a gluten-free diet. This study aimed to determine the frequency of major depressive disorder and its relationship with adherence to a gluten-free diet among patients with celiac disease.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 47 patients with celiac disease (30 women and 17 men) with an average age of 40.88 ± 10.7 years who had been referred to the Golestan Research Center of Gastroenterology and Hepatology during the summer of 2019. Patients were invited to complete a 13-item Beck Inventory. Celiac Dietary Adherence Test (CDAT) was used to assess adherence from the patients' point of view, and Standardized Dietician Evaluation (SDE) was used to evaluate adherence to the diet from the interviewer's perspective.
Results: Overall, 28 people (59.6%) with celiac disease reported some degree of depression. Based on the SDE, the adherence rate of patients to a gluten-free diet was 83%. The association between adherence to a gluten-free diet and the prevalence of depression was not significant. There was also no significant association between the prevalence of depression and the gender and age of patients.
Conclusion: Based on the results, a high percentage of patients with celiac disease have symptoms of depression. However, there is no significant relationship between adherence to a gluten-free diet and the prevalence of depression.
 

---

Background and Objective: With the increase in the spread of COVID-19, mental health consequences such as fear, anxiety, and depression have become prevalent. This study aimed to investigate the predictive role of fear of COVID-19 and quarantine fatigue on depression in congenital heart disease patients during the pandemic.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 105 patients with congenital heart disease (6 men and 99 women) who were referred to Shahid Rajaee Hospitals and Tehran Heart Center during 2021-22. Data were collected using a depression scale, a fear scale for COVID-19, and a quarantine fatigue questionnaire.
Results: The results showed that 28.6% of patients with congenital heart disease experienced mild depression, while 7.6% had severe depression. Quarantine fatigue was found to be mild in 43.8% of patients. Additionally, fear of COVID-19 (r=0.195, P=0.001) and quarantine fatigue (r=0.617, P=0.001) were significantly correlated with depression in congenital heart patients.
Conclusion: Fear of COVID-19 is related to depression caused by coronavirus and quarantine fatigue in patients with congenital heart disease.