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Background and Objective: Exercise-induced muscle hypertrophy occurs through increased rate of muscle protein synthesis that is regulated via molecular signaling pathways. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway is believed to play a major role, via phosphorylation of the ribosomal protein S6 kinase of 70 kDa (p70S6K). Results concerning the effect of concurrent training on these factors have been contradictory. This study was done to determine the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training and concurrent resistance and aerobic training on phospho-mTOR (p-mTOR) and phospho-p70S6K (p-p70S6K) responses in skeletal muscle in rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 24 wistar rats (age: 8 weeks) were randomly allocated into resistance training (n=8), concurrent training (n=8), and control (n=8) groups in equal laboratorial condition. Resistance group performed 5 sessions per week consisted of 10 repetitions ladder climbing with load suspended from the tail between 30-80% individual maximum overload test that was weekly performed to adjust the individual load throughout the week. The concurrent group performed resistance training followed by 5 minutes rest and endurance training consisted of treadmills run, that speed and duration of running gradually increased during training period, from 9 m/min and 10 minutes in the first week to 30 m/min and 60 minutes in the last week. The flexor hallucis longus (FHL) muscle of rats were removed under sterile condition at 24 hours after the last session of training and the proteins levels of p-mTOR and p-p70S6K were measured by ELISA method.
Results: The level of p-mTOR was significantly greater in resistance training and concurrent training groups in compared to control group. No significant difference was observed between training groups. However, the significant increase of p-p70S6K was observed only in resistance group in compared to control group.
Conclusion: Because of the increased of p-mTOR in concurrent group was not accompanied by increase of p-p70S6K compared with resistance group, thus concurrent training probably attenuate signaling responses of downstream targets of mTOR.

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Background and Objective: Researches has shown that exercise and nutrition exercises can have a different effect on serum Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF( levels and resting blood pressure in young people. This study was done to determine the effect of a period of High Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) with omega-3 supplementation on the serum levels of BDNF and resting blood pressure in inactive male students.
Methods: In this clinical trail study, 32 non-athlete male students were randomly divided into control, supplements, training and training + supplement. Subjects in supplementary group were received daily (2000 mg) of omega-3 capsules. The training groups were also subjected to HIIT training for 6 weeks. The training + Supplemental group also included a combination of the same training program were associated with omega-3 supplementation. BDNF levels were measured by ELISA method 24 and 48 hours perior the exercise protocol and after the last training session. Blood pressure disturbances were also evaluated at the same time and before blood sampling according to the recommendations of the British Heart Association.
Results: The serum levels of BDNF in the group after 6 weeks in the training + supplementation group and the training group increased significantly compared to the pre-test values (P˂0.05). Also, a significant difference between-group training + supplementation group and training, supplementation and control groups were observed (P˂0.05). Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly reduced in training + supplementary, training and supplementation groups compared to pretest values (P˂0.05). A significant reduction in systolic blood pressure in the training + supplementation group was observed compared to supplemental and control groups (P˂0.05).
Conclusion: HIIT combined with supplementation with omega-3 supplementation improved the BDNF serum level and reducing resting blood pressure in inactive male students.

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Background and Objective: Physical exercise and nutrition supplements are recommended interventions to reduce cachexia. This study was conducted to determine the effect of resistance training and resveratrol supplementation on muscle regeneration indices of MyoD (myoblast determination protein) and eMHC (embryonic Myosin Heavy Chain) in CT-26 colon cancer mice.
Methods: This experimental study was performed on 20 six-week-old BALB/c mice to which CT-26 tumor was implanted. The mice were divided into four groups of resistance training, resveratrol, combination of resveratrol with resistance training, and control. The resistance training group performed six weeks of progressive resistance training. The resveratrol group received 100 mg/kg resveratrol per day, and the control and resistance training group received the solution of Methyl cellulose through gavage. In gastrocnemius muscle MyoD protein and eMHC level were measured using western blot and ELISA methods, respectively.
Results: eMHC protein in combination of resveratrol with exercise group (4.66±0.25) increased significantly compared to the exercise group (3.46±0.64) (P<0.05). Body weight of mice without tumor (21.50±1.30) in the resistance training group increased significantly compared to other groups (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the tumor weight of mice and MyoD protein in expermental groups.
Conclusion: Regarding the increasing effect of combination of resveratrol with exercise group compared to resistance training group on eMHC, resveratrol supplementation at higher doses may be recommended along with resistance training to improve muscle regeneration.

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Background and Objective: Obesity by releasing inflammation factors such as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) cause atherosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases. Also, L-carnitine reduces inflammatory factor such as IL-6. The study was done to determine the effect of eight week endurance training with L-carnitine supplementation on IL-6, nitric oxide (NO), blood pressure, and body composition in young obese women.
Methods: In this clinical trial study, 40 volunteer young obese women (age: 23.3±2.3 yrs. and BMI: 31.1±1.4 kg/m²) randomly assigned in the endurance training with L-carnitine (ETL; n=10), endurance training with placebo (ETP; n=10), L-carnitine supplementation (LCS; n=10) and control (Con; n=10). The training protocol consisted of endurance training with gradually increasing of duration and intensity (25-min at 50% HR max and increased to 45-min at 70% HR max), three session a week for 8 weeks. The supplement groups consumed 3gr of L-carnitine daily, while the placebo group ingested the same amount of maltodextrin. Blood pressure and blood samples were obtained before and 36 hours after training protocol, and serum levels of IL-6 and NO were measured by ELISA method.
Results: IL-6, weight, fat mass and fatty percent was significantly reduced in ETL and ETP groups compared to control and LCS groups (P<0.05), and this reduction was lower in the ELT than ETP group (P<0.05). Also, NO was significantly increased in the ELT and ETP groups compared to the LCS and controls (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Although the implementation of endurance training with and without L-carnitine for 8 weeks caused to decrease of IL-6, increase of NO and improved body composition, but the effect of endurance training with L-carnitine on decreasing of IL-6, weight and fat mass was significantly better.

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Background and Objective: Strength and flexibility are the factors affecting the athlete's performance. This study was done to determine the effect of eccentric training on knee strength and hamstring flexibility in active females with hamstring tightness.
Methods: In this clinical trial study, 24 active female athletes with hamstring tight were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. For measurement of strength, including the eccentric and concentric peak torque and the time to reach the peak torque in speeds of 60 and 180 degrees per second, isokinetic dynamometer device .For measurement of hamstring flexibility, a passive knee extension test was used six weeks before and after the eccentric training of hamstring.
Results: After six weeks of eccentric training, a significant  improvement was observed in test scores of passive knee extension (PKE) test and also in the maximum torque and time to reach the maximum torque eccentric flexor knee in angular velocity of 60 degrees per second in the interventional  group compared to controls (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Eccentric training increases flexibility and eccentric strength of hamstring muscles in active females with hamstring tightness.

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Background and Objective: Knee osteoarthritis is one of the most common causes of musculoskeletal disability. This study was performed to determine the effect of endurance training and glucosamine consumption on Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) and Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein 3 (IGFBP-3) gene expression in knee tissue of mice with osteoarthritis.
Methods: This experimental study was performed on 30 adult male Wistar rats. Induction of osteoarthritis of the knee was performed by surgery. The animals were randomly allocated into 5 groups and each group consisted of 6 mice. Groups include: Control, Saline, glucosamine, train and train-glucosamine. The training program for eight weeks, three sessions per week and included 29-25 minutes running on a treadmill at a speed of 15 m/ min for the first week, and each week one meter per minute was added to reach 22 m/min for the eighth week. All animals followed 12-hour fasting and 48 hours after the last session of the session, anesthetized with intraperitoneal injection of Ketamine and Xylosin. The expression of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 of cartilage was measured by Real Time PCR.
Results: Expression of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 increased to be 22% and 6% in control group compared to Saline group. Also, level of IGF-1 in exercise groups, glucosamine and exercise-glucosamine group was significantly increased compared to control group (P<0.05). The gene expression of IGFBP-3 in the exercise-glucosamine group was significantly increased compared to the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Probably Chondrocytes secrete higher levels of IGF-1 during tissue damage that causes the structural synthesis of collagen 2 and proteoglycans and Finally, endurance training with consumption of glucose amine increases the expression of IGFBP-3 gene.

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Background and Objective: The acute exercise leads to the induction of some cardiac and inflammatory biomarkers that are related to factors such as severity, type, training experience, gender and environment. This study was conducted to compare the effect of acute endurance and resistance training at two different intensity levels of high-sensitivity cardiac Troponin T (hs-cTnT) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in male runners and bodybuilders.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 20 male runners and bodybuilders with an age range of 20-24 years were purposefully and accessibly selected. The study was performed with a pre-test-post-test design on 10 male runners (endurance training) and 10 bodybuilding men (resistance training). The runners ran 6 km with moderate (70-75% of reserve heart rate) and high (85-85% of reserve heart rate) intensities at intervals of one week, during separate sessions. Bodybuilders also performed resistance training at moderate (70-75% of one repetition maximum) and high (80-85% of one repetition maximum) intensities.  Bodybuilders also performed resistance training at moderate (70 to 75% of a maximum repetition) and high (80 to 85% of a maximum repetition) intensities. Blood samples were taken before and immediately after exercise. Then the serum levels of hs-cTnT and TNF-α were measured.
Results: The serum level of hs-cTnT and TNF-α was significantly increased after acute running and resistance training with moderate and high intensities (P˂0.05), but intense acute exercise had a greater effect on increasing the levels of these variables. Also, the acute effect of intense aerobic exercise was associated with a greater increase in hs-cTnT level in compared to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise, high and moderate-intensity resistance training (P˂0.05).
Conclusion: In endurance and resistance athletes, the hs-cTnT and TNF-α responses are affected by the intensity of training and increase more with intense training. But the high intensity aerobic exercise is associated with a greater increase in hs-cTnT levels.

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Background and Objective: People with asthma are at increased risk for cardiovascular disease and increased risk of death. Asthma is associated with the structure and function of vessel changes. In this regard, MicroRNAs, AKT and VCAM play an important role in endothelial function. So, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 12 weeks of interval training on expression of mir-126, mir-1185 AKT and VCAM in cardiac tissue rats with allergic asthma.
Methods: This experimental study was performed on 15 Wistar rats. Animals were randomly allocated into three groups (n=5) including healthy control, asthma control and asthmatic interval training. Ovalbumin solution was injected subcutaneously 3 times per week to asthma groups, and suffering from asthma was confirmed by increasing the amount of IgE. The asthma group participated in 8-week exercise training. The rats were anesthetized at the end of 8 weeks and then their heart tissue was isolated by surgical instrument and immediately placed in nitrogen fluid. Expression of mir-126, mir-1185, AKT and VCAM in rats cardiac tissue were evaluated.
Results: AKT and VCAM expression was significantly increased in asthma control group compared to healthy control group (P<0.05). mir-126, AKT and VCAM expression were significantly increased in asthmatic interval training group in compared to asthma control group (P<0.05) while Mir-1185 was significantly reduced in asthmatic interval training group in compared to asthma control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Interval training by increasing mir-126, by reducing the expression of mir-1185, AKT, and VCAM reduces the risk of atherosclerosis in rats affected with asthma.

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Background and Objective: One of the most common complications of mild cognitive impairment is increased body sway and falls. This study was performed to evaluate the effect of Pilates training on control posture in patients with mild cognitive impairment.
Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on 30 women with mild cognitive impairment who referred to elderly Research Center in Kermanshah city, north-west of Iran during 2019. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups including Pilates Training and control groups. Pilates training group was trained for eight weeks, 3 sessions per week and duration for each session was one hour. The control posture of the subjects before and after the exercise was evaluated.
Results: There was significant difference in obtained scores in the size and distance of the center of pressure area range with open and closed eyes in the intervention group, prior and after training (P<0.05). The mean postural control (the size and distance of the center of pressure area range with open and closed eyes) reduced after 8 weeks of Pilates exercises in the intervention group in compared to control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Pilates training is effective in improving postural control in patients with mild cognitive impairment.

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Background and Objective: Physical activity and the use of herbal supplements can affect liver enzymes. Nano-curcumin is an effective ingredient (deferulovl methane) in turmeric with antioxidant, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative properties and can play an important role in preventing liver fibrosis. This study was performed to determine the effect of 6 weeks of high intensity interval training (HIIT) with Nano-curcumin supplementation on liver enzyme levels in overweight female students.
Methods: This clinical trial study was performed on 48 overweight female students of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Iran with an average age of 21.7±1.32 years and a BMI equals 27.8±2.46kg/m² during 2018. Participants were randomly divided into 4 groups: control, Nano-curcumin supplementation (One 80 mg capsule daily), training and training combined with nano-curcumin supplementation (one 80 mg capsule daily). Training groups performed an exercise protocol of HIIT training with maximum heart rate for 6 weeks (three sessions per week). Blood samples were obtained to liver enzymes measurement (ALT, AST and ALP) before and after the intervention period.
Results: Performing six weeks of high intensity interval training along with taking nano-curcumin supplemen led to a significant reduction in serum level of AST and ALT compared to control group (P<0.05). In the supplement-training group, a significant decrease was observed in serum levels of ALT and AST compared to pre-test (P<0.05). But no statistically significant changes were observed in ALP serum level.
Conclusion: It seems taking nano-curcumin supplement along with high intensity interval training have a favorable effects on improving some of the liver characteristics of overweight female students.

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Background and Objective: Eotaxin is a pre-inflammatory adipokinin secreted from adipose tissue that plays an important role in function regulating of adipose tissue. This study was done to determine the effect of high-intensity interval training on the gene expression of eotaxin in visceral adipose tissue and insulin resistance following metabolic syndrome in rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male Wistar rats (weight 180±20 gr) were selected and after 12 weeks of high-fat diet and the creation of the metabolic syndrome model were randomly divided into four groups including  control, metabolic syndrome, High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) and metabolic syndrome with HIIT. Rats in the high-fat diet were subjected to a special diet (30 to 40% fat) for 12 weeks to develop a model of metabolic syndrome. HIIT consisted of 5 to 10 interval 1-minute intensive running on treadmill at 80 to 95% of maximum speed and in slow alternations at 55% of maximum speed for 8 weeks. Insulin resistance using HOMA-IR mode is considered as a basic factor for determining metabolic syndrome.
Results: The gene expression of eotaxin and insulin resistance in the metabolic syndrome group were significantly higher than the control group (P<0.05). Gene expression of eotaxin and insulin resistance was significantly lower in HIIT and metabolic syndrome with HIIT groups than the metabolic syndrome group (P<0.05). Also, the gene expression of eotaxin and insulin resistance was significantly lower in HIIT group than the metabolic syndrome with HIIT group.
Conclusion: It seems that HIIT may be an important factor in down-regulating eotaxin and insulin resistance in metabolic syndrome.

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Background and Objective: Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) plays an important role in muscle biology and is involved in hypertrophy and activation of satellite cells. This study was done to determine the effect of eight weeks of concurrent training with different order on S1P in fast and slow muscles in wistar rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 40 male wistar rats (weight 180-200 gr) were randomly allocated into 5 groups including control, resistance training, endurance training, resistance- endurance training, endurance- resistance training. Resistance training consisted 1-meter ladder climbing with the loading of percent of overloading test (%75 of weight body) in the first week and increased to 30 gr per week. Endurance training consisted of running on treadmill with speed of 12 m/min and 10 minutes in the first week to 30 m/min and 60 minutes in the last week. The resistance- endurance group performed resistance training 5 minutes before endurance training and the endurance- resistance group performed endurance training 5 minutes after resistance training. The protein level of S1P was measured in flexor hallucis longus (FHL) and soleus muscles.
Results: The S1P level in fast and slow twitch muscle increased significantly in endurance- resistance training, resistance- endurance training and resistance training compared to controls (P<0.05). There were no significant differences between concurrent training with differing order.
Conclusion: It seems that exercise order in concurrent training result in no different effect on S1P level in fast and slow twitch muscles in wistar rats.

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Background and Objective: Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is highly prevalent in the group of autoimmune and inflammatory patients. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) and interleukin-10 (IL-10) plays an important role in regulating complex interactions between pancreatic beta cells and immune cells in the development of T1D. This study was performed to determine the simultaneous effect of resistance training and endothelial progenitor cell injection on blood glucose levels and protein expression of proinflammatory factors TNF-a and IL-10 in muscle tissue of streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic male rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 36 male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200±20 g and six weeks old were randomly divided into six groups. Induction of diabetes was performed by intraperitoneal injection of STZ at a dose of 45 mg/kg body weight. Groups included diabetes + stem cell injection + resistance training group, diabetes + resistance training group, diabetes + stem cell injection group, control diabetic group to control the passage of time, and healthy basal and diabetic groups for defaults. Exercises were performed for 17 sessions of resistance training, including climbing ladders with increasing weight three days a week in the same laboratory conditions. Endothelial progenitor cells were cultured by femoral bone marrow aspiration and culture and then injection into the tail vein. 68 hours after the last training session, blood glucose levels were assessed by ELISA and the expression of TNF-a and IL-10 protein in muscle tissue was assessed by Western blotting.
Results: Endothelial stem cell injection, resistance training and resistance training with the simultaneous injection of endothelial stem cells significantly increased the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 in the skeletal muscle tissue of diabetic rats in compared to control group (P<0.05). Expression of the anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 in the skeletal muscle tissue was significantly increased in resistance training plus the simultaneous injection of endothelial stem cells group in compared to injection of stem cells and resistance training groups (P<0.05). Glucose concentration in the skeletal muscle tissue was significantly reduced in resistance training plus the simultaneous injection of endothelial stem cells group in compared to injection of stem cells and resistance training groups (P<0.05).
Conclusion: It seems that 17 sessions of resistance training reduces blood glucose level and improves inflammatory conditions in response to an increase in IL-10 and a decrease in TNF-a in a group of diabetic rats with resistance training and simultaneous injection of endothelial progenitor cells in diabetic male rats.

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Background and Objective: Aging and old age are associated with an increase in inflammatory cytokines. Due to their anti-inflammatory properties, constituents of spirulina may be able to reduce or even improve this process. This study was performed to determine the effects of endurance training and spirulina supplementation on the level of inflammatory cytokines in overweight men.
Methods: In this clinical trial, 40 overweight, middle-aged and elderly men were randomly selected and divided into 5 groups: control-normal, control-overweight, overweight + training, overweight + supplement, and overweight + training + supplement. The training program consisting of an hour of walking on a treadmill, stationary bike workout, and climbing stairs was performed at an intensity of 65% of the maximum heart rate, 3 sessions a week, for 8 weeks. Individuals in the supplement groups received a spirulina tablet (500 mg) twice daily in the morning and evening. Blood sampling was performed after 12 hours of fasting at baseline and 48 hours after the last training session. The level of inflammatory cytokines including transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.
Results: The levels of TGF-β, IL-6, and TNF-α were higher in the control-overweight group than in the healthy control-normal group (P<0.05). Training and supplementation significantly reduced the inflammatory markers in overweight men (P<0.05). Moreover, the level of inflammatory markers was significantly lower in the training + supplement group compared with the training group and the supplement group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Endurance training combined with spirulina supplementation can significantly reduce inflammatory factors in overweight individuals.
 

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Background and Objective: Considering the role of diet and the use of natural antioxidants in addition to exercise, the attention of researchers has been drawn to take further advantage of the effects of exercise to improve cellular metabolism. Despite the favorable role of exercise and antioxidants on heart health, the simultaneous effect of exercise and consumption of propolis (prepared by bees) is not yet known. This study aimed to investigate the effects of endurance training and propolis against oxidative and myocardial stress in diabetic ovariectomized rats.
Methods: This experimental study was conducted on 36 female Sprague Dawley rats aged 12-16 weeks and weighing 220-250 grams. Six rats were included in the healthy control group. Diabetes was induced in 30 overiectomized rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg). Then, the diabetic animals were divided into five groups of six including diabetic ovariectomized control, sham, propolis, endurance training, and endurance training + propolis. Rats in the training groups trained for eight weeks, five sessions per week, with 55-75% VO2 max. Moreover, propolis was administered 100 mg/kg/day by peritoneal injection. The level of Pro-oxidant-antioxidant balance (PAB) and expression of HSP72 and NF-κB genes were measured.
Results: HSP72 expression was significantly higher in the propolis, endurance training, and endurance training + propolis groups. The levels of NF-kB and malonaldehyde were significantly decreased in the ovariectomized diabetic rats (P<0.05). Expression of HSP72 in the endurance training and endurance training + propolis groups were significantly higher than in the propolis group. Moreover, NF-kB in the endurance training and endurance training + propolis groups were significantly lower than in the propolis group (P<0.05). The value of PAB in the propolis and endurance training + propolis groups were significantly lower than in the ovariectomized diabetic rats (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Exercise and consumption of propolis seem to synergistically improve the protective HSP72 pathway and reduce oxidative stress in heart tissue following estrogen dysfunction and diabetes. However, the interaction of the two depends on endurance training.
 

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Background and Objective: Understanding the cellular signaling mechanisms involved in muscle hypertrophy is considered a scientific challenge. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is one of the regulatory factors in this process that increases protein synthesis in skeletal muscle through phosphorylation. This study aimed to determine the effect of six weeks of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on phosphorylated mTOR protein in the quadriceps muscles of adult male Wistar rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, 16 adult male Wistar rats (six weeks old and weighing an average of 190.93±4.97g) were used. The animals were randomly divided into two groups of control and training (n=8). The training group underwent six weeks of HIIT on a treadmill, with five sessions per week. The load was increased during the six weeks from repeating the interval of 30 meters per minute for 30 seconds in the first sessions to eleven repetitions of the interval of 35 meters per minute for 30 seconds at the end of the sixth week, with rest intervals between the intervals at a speed of 13 meters per minute for 60 seconds. The control group did not undergo any training. The mice were anesthetized, and the Vastus lateralis of the quadriceps muscle was extracted. The level of phosphorylated mTOR protein in the quadriceps muscle was measured using the immunohistochemical method.
Results: HIIT significantly increased the levels of mTOR phosphorylation protein in male Wistar quadriceps femoris muscle compared to the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Interval activity can have a positive effect on muscle hypertrophy through mTOR.
 

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Background and Objective: Diabetes leads to impaired blood supply to the peripheral nerves. Sema3A (Semaphorin 3A) is a denervated protein that increases in response to hyperglycemia caused by diabetes. Exercise and alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) supplements can protect against diabetes-induced denervation. This study was done to evaluate the effect of high and moderate-intensity interval training with alpha-lipoic acid supplementation on the expression of Sema3A protein in the soleus muscle of Induced diabetic rats.
Methods: In this experimental study, thirty-five male Wistar rats (weight range: 190-220 g, 6-8 weeks old) were randomly allocated into seven groups of five: healthy control, diabetic, diabetic supplement (S), diabetic high-intensity training (HIT), diabetic moderate-intensity training (MIT), diabetic high intensity+supplement (HIT+S), and diabetic moderate intensity training+supplement (MIT+S). Diabetes was induced by injection of streptozotocin (50 mg/kg/bw). The HIT and MIT protocols were performed five days a week for six weeks. ALA was administered orally at 20 mg/kg daily by gavage. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of Sema3A protein in the soleus muscle. Serum insulin was measured by the ELISA method.
Results: Diabetes leads to increased level of glucose, Sema3A, and a significant decrease in insulin in the soleus muscle compared to healthy (P<0.05). HIT and MIT in combination with ALA, significantly showed lower expression of Sema3A Protein than in the diabetic group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Although HIT and MIT can reduce the expression of Sema3A protein in the soleus muscle of diabetic rats, combining alpha-lipoic acid supplementation with exercise training is more effective in reducing the amount of denervation.

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Background and Objective: Obesity and overweight, one of which symptoms is chronic inflammation, is associated with changes in tryptophan metabolism, culminating in numerous diseases. Sport training is among the ways to control obesity and overweight. This study was conducted to determine the effect of eight weeks of endurance training on amino acid tryptophan serum levels and body mass of overweight women.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 24 overweight women in two groups of 12 people, including the control and experimental groups. The mean age and standard deviation of the control and experimental groups were 41.16±3.45 and 41.08±2.93 years, respectively. The body mass was measured using the anthropometric device, and blood samples were taken in the pre-test and post-test in a 12-hour fasting condition. The subjects of the experimental group underwent endurance training 3 sessions a week for 8 weeks with an intensity of 60% to 75% of the maximal heart rate reserve. Serum tryptophan level was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method.
Results: Eight weeks of endurance training led to enhancing serum tryptophan levels, reducing fat mass, and reducing body mass index (BMI) (P<0.05), and also resulted in a statistically insignificant increase in fat-free mass in overweight women.
Conclusion: Eight weeks of endurance training could be effective in improving the physiological status and body composition of overweight women.

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Vitamin D deficiency affects a broad range of health-related factors. Both obesity and vitamin D deficiency are associated with the development of oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. Inflammation can culminate in decreased vitamin D levels through the induction of oxidative stress. Evidence suggests that exercise may improve vitamin D status. However, the effects of exercise interventions on inflammation and oxidative stress in the coexistence of vitamin D deficiency and obesity/overweight are not well-established. Therefore, this review aimed to evaluate the effects of exercise on inflammation and oxidative stress in vitamin D deficiency status accompanied by obesity/overweight. A search for articles from 2006 to 2023 was conducted in specialized databases of PubMed, Scopus, and state inpatient database (SID). The searched studies were original research articles, reviews, and clinical trials selected using the keywords of vitamin D deficiency, systemic inflammation, oxidative stress, chemokine, exercise, obesity, and overweight. According to the studies, regular exercise can inhibit the vicious cycle of oxidative stress-inflammation in vitamin D deficiency status accompanied by obesity/overweight by negatively regulating some inflammatory factors and chemokines, reducing lipid peroxidation levels, and increasing antioxidant status. Moreover, the increase in 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels resulting from exercise can be considered another mechanism for reducing oxidative stress-inflammation in vitamin D deficiency status accompanied by obesity/overweight.

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Background and Objective: Vitamin D deficiency is highly prevalent among obese individuals, with multiple underlying mechanisms contributing to this condition. This study aimed to determine the combined effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and vitamin D supplementation on the levels of inflammatory markers, transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), in young women with vitamin D deficiency.
Methods: In this clinical trial, 39 sedentary women with vitamin D deficiency were randomly assigned to three groups: A control group, a HIIT-based running group, and a combined group (training + vitamin D). The training program included 12 one-minute repetitions of running at 80% to 90% of maximum heart rate (HRmax) and one minute of active rest at 50% HRmax, performed three sessions per week. Vitamin D supplementation was used weekly at a dose of 50,000 IU. TGF-β1 and TNF-α levels were measured and compared before and after the intervention.
Results: After 8 weeks of HIIT-based running, with and without vitamin D supplementation, the levels of inflammatory markers, TGF-β1 and TNF-α, showed a statistically significant decrease compared to the control group (P<0.05). The mean percentage change in TGF-β1 and TNF-α was also significantly greater in the combined group than in the training group without vitamin D supplementation (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Following 8 weeks of HIIT-based running, both inflammatory markers, TGF-β1 and TNF-α decreased in the study subjects, and this reduction was more pronounced in the vitamin D-receiving group.