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Background and Objective: Ghrelin is an acylated 28-amino-acid peptide that is the most recently identified adipocytokines, but its role in diabetes is poorly clarified. The objective of this study was to determine the relation between serum ghrelin and blood glucose levels in type 2 diabetic obese males.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was done on 45 adult obese males with type-2 diabetes in Saveh city, Iran during 2010. Fasting blood glucose, insulin and ghrelin concentrations and Glycosylated hemoglobin HbA1C were measured after overnight fasting. Multiple regression was used for determine ghrelin in relation to glucose, insulin and HbA1C.

Results: The multiple regression analyses revealed that HbA1C is not correlated with serum ghrelin levels, while, fasting blood glucose level had positive corrolation with serum ghrelin concentration (P<0.05). Serum ghrelin level had high negative correlation with insulin (P<0.05).

Conclusion: This study indicated that elevated endogenous ghrelin led to hyperglycemia. Therefore, serum ghrelin is a precise index of blood glucose level in obese male patients with type-2 diabetes.

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Background and Objective: Unwanted pregnancy can have negative impacts on maternal health. The aim of this study was to compare the health status of women with wanted and unwanted pregnancies in Kerman, Iran.

Materials and Methods: This case – control was performed on women with wanted (100 cases) and unwanted pregnancies (100 cases) whom refered to health centers in Kerman, Iran during 2010. The tool for data collection included a demographic questionnaire, short form 36 health survey (SF36) and a researcher-made pregnancy’s  physical health. Validity and reliability of the questionnaires were assessed initially prior to study procedure. Data was analyzed by using SPSS-16, Chi-Square, T Student and Mann-Whitney tests.

Results: Women with unwanted pregnancies had lower scores for physical and mental health, vaccination and supplement consumption, prenatal care and personal health than women with wanted pregnancies (P<0.05). Women with unwanted pregnancies had more complications and high risk behavior compared to unwanted pregnancies (P<0.05).

Conclusion: This study indicated that unwanted pregnancies are accompanied with physical and mental health. Thus, special counseling and extra care measures is recommended during unwanted pregnancies. Pregnancy

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Background and Objective: Incidence of fungal infections particularly fungal sinusitis is increasing in Iran and identification of causative agents is essential for its control and treatment. This study was carried out to determine the fungus paranasal sinusitis in non- immunocompromised patients in Tehran, Iran.

Materials and Methods: This cross – sectional study was done on 108 patients (73 males, 35 females) with chronic sinusitis ranged from 9 to 68 years, admitted to Amir Alam and Emam Khomeini hospitals in Tehran, Iran during 2006-07. Sinusitis in patients confirmed by radiologic images. Complementry information were obtained using questionnaires which including gender, job, presence of disposing disease diabetes and consumption immunocompromised drugs. Sinus samples were collected by washing and biopsy were carried out by two methods of fenestration and Cald-wel luc operations. Subsequently they were cultured on Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA), SDA+chloramphenicol and blood agar (BA) media at 30°C and 37°C. Direct examination and fixative sample for histhologic evaluation was done and for colonies confirmation the slide culture method also was used.

Results: 8 cases (7.4 %) were positive for fungal sinusitis with following sub type: 6 cases (Alternaria Spp), 1 case (Paecilomyces) and 1 case (Aspergillus flavus). The most fungal sinusitis (5 cases) were observed in 30-39 years patients.

Conclusion: Considering the prevalence of 7.4 % fungal sinusitis and isolation of paecilomyces which is a rare subtype complematry investigation is recommended, in the field of research.

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Background and Objective: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the important causes of nosocomial infections. Extended spectrum-beta Lactamases (ESBLs) and Metallo-beta Lactamase (MBL) producing strains have become resistant against a wide range of antibiotics. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of Methanol extract of Camellia Sinensis on Pseudomonas aeruginosa producing ESBL isolated from burnt wounds of patients.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was done on burnt wounds of 245 hospitalaized patients in Shafa hospital, Kerman, Iran during 2006-07. ESBLs producing strains were detected by phenotypic confirmatory test and also E-test strips were used for MBL detection. P.aeruginosa MIC was determined for Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Azteronam, Imipenem, Meropenem and methanol extracts of plant Camellia Sinensis prepared by Maceration method.

Results: 120 of burnt wound infected with P.aeruginosa, out of them 41 isolates contained ESBL while lacked MBL. 60% of isolates were resistant to Cefotaxime, 66% to Ceftazidime, 42% to Azteronam, 3% to Imipenem and 5% to Meropenem. Among the extracts, green Tea had the highest antibacterial effect on standard strains and P.aeruginosa producing ESBLs in 1.25mg/ml concentration.

Conclusion: This study showed that methanolic extract of green tea has higher antibacterial effect aginst β-lactamase P.aeruginosa strains than Cefotaxime and Ceftazidime.

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Background and Objective: Neurotrophic factors are diffusible polypeptides that have critical roles in survival, proliferation and differentiation of stem cells. This study was done to assess the role of neurotrophic factors (CNTF‎, BDNF, ‎GDN‎F, ‎NT-‎3‎) expression and proliferation rate of neural stem cells (NSCs) in coculture with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, NSCs and MSCs were isolated from adult Wistar rat. Initially, NSCs was harvested from temporal lobe after mechanical digestion by a sterile flamed Pasteur pipette and enzymatic digestion with trypsin and Dnase. The cell suspension was cultivated in a flask with DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 10% FBS 100U/ml Penicillin and 100 mg/ml Streptomycin. To obtain MSCs, bone marrow of femur and tibia bones were flashed out and cultured. MSCs and NSCs‎ cocultured by transwell ‎system in DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with 10% FBS 100U/ml Penicillin and 100 mg/ml Streptomycin. Haemocytometer, immunocytochemistry and RT-PCR methods were performed to identify and evaluate cell proliferation, purity levels and neurotrophic factors expression. Results: There ‎is‎ no differences in NTFs profile of ‎neurotrophic‎ factors expression between ‎coculture ‎group‎ ‎and‎ control ‎NSCs, but interactions between MSCs and NSCs significantly promoted NSCs proliferation (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that coculture of NSCs with MSCs might be prfered in cell-therapy than‎ NSCs.‎

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Background and Objective: In recent years, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) consumption is prevalent among young people. It has adverse effects on central neural system and other organs. This study was done to determine the effect of MDMA on pituitary-gonadal hormonized axis in immature male rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study 35 immature male Wistar rats with approximate weight of 90+-10 gr, age range of 40-45 days were allocated in five (n=7) including experimental I, II, III, control, and shem groups. Animals in the experimental I, II, III have received 2, 4 and 8 mg/kg bw of MDMA intraperitoneally after 14 days, respectively. Animals have received saline normal in shem group while the controls did not receive any substance. The blood samples and testes have collected. The serum FSH, LH, and Testosterone concentrations and testes weight were determined. Data analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests. Results: Testosterone hormone concentration significantly increased in experimental groups (4 and 8 mg/kg bw) in comparison with control and shem groups (P<0.05). Concentrations of FSH and LH in the experimental groups (2 and 4 mg/kg bw) significantly reduced in comparison with shem and control groups (P<0.05). Testes weight significantly reduced in experimental groups (4 and 8 mg/kg bw) compared to control and shem groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed the MDMA has adverse effect on pituitary-gonadal axis and tests weight in immature male Wistar rats.

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Background and Objective: Schizophrenia is a disorder characterized by a chronic recurrent course. Despite the availability of an ever-expanding range of typical and atypical antipsychotics, a substantial proportion of patients with schizophrenia show a partial or total lack of response to antipsychotic monotherapy. This study was done to evaluate the clinical effects of Ginkgo biloba as an adjunct to the Risperidone and Biperiden in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients. Materials and Methods: This randomized clinical trial study was carried out on 60 chronic schizophrenic patients in Sina hospital Shahrekord, Iran during 2009-10. Schizophrenia was diagnosed by DSM-IV-TR criteria. Subjects were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Two groups were matched according to the age, sex, education, duration of illness. Patients in interventional group received Risperidone up to 6mg/day, Biperiden 4mg/day and Ginkgo biloba 240 mg/day for 12 weeks. The control group received Risperidone up to 6mg/day and Biperiden 4mg/day for 12 weeks. The scales for assessment of positive symptoms (SAPS) and assessment of negative symptoms (SANS) were recorded in prior, 6th and 12th weeks. Data analyzed by using SPSS-15 and student t-test. Results: The mean score of positive symptoms were 55.7±2.1 and 74.4±2.3 in interventional and control groups, respectively (P<0.05) after 12 weeks. The mean score of negative symptoms were 63±1.3 and 69.3±1.8 in interventional and controls, respectivley (P<0.05) after 12 weeks. Conclusion: This study suggested that the use of Ginkgo biloba as an adjunct to Respridone and Biperiden was more effective than Risperidone with Biperiden regimen improving psychological condition of chronic schizophrenic patients.

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Background and Objective: Increasing the intensity of training is one of the factors that improve the athletic performance. Evaluation of psychological and biochemical factors is believed to be beneficial for evaluating the effectiveness of training schedule. Previous studies have shown that there are various responses to the training intensity due to the level of athlete’s fitness and the kind of training. This study was done to investigate the effect of intensive training on salivary level of cortisol, testosterone, α-amylase and mood of elite adolescent wrestlers. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed on fifteen adolescent wrestlers of Iranian national team during 2009. The subjects were under extension training for three weeks. The saliva samples were taken prior, first, second and third weeks of training to determine cortisol, testosterone and α-amylase level of salivary samples. Also, the Brahms questionnaire was used to assess the mood profile before and after the training. Data were analyzed using SPSS-14, ANOVA and student t-tests. Results: There was no significant differences of salivary cortisol (7.69±0.75, 8.1±0.93 ng/ml), testosterone (82.3±0.89, 64.2±1.7 ng/ml), α-amylase (98.81±1.35, 84.2±1.5 U/ml) level and mood (16.4±3.28, 20.08±2.91) of subjects prier and after training. Conclusion: This study indicated that the intensive training do not alter salivary hormons level and mood of elite adolescent wrestlers.

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Background and Objective: The vaccination against hepatitis B is a front line defence for all at-risk groups. Conventional methods of hepatitis B vaccination (0, 1 and 6 months) is considered a long process. But vaccination at shorter intervals (0, 10 and 21 days) is suggested to achieve rapid immunity. This study was carried out to compare for the protective antibody level against hepatitis B in accelerated and conventional vaccination. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive and analytical study 160 health personnel of Imam Reza hospital of Kermanshah, Iran with no history of vaccination against hepatitis B were selected and divided into two groups during 2009. The volunteers were received vaccination according to accelerated (0, 10 and 21 days) and convetional (0, 1 and 6 months) methods. The antibody titer measured two years after the final dose of vaccination. The acceptable level of antibody was considered higher than 10 IU/ml. Results: After two years the acceptable level of antibody was observed in 94.5% and 97.9% of subjects in accelarated and conventional methods, respectivley. This difference was not significant. Conclusion: This study showed that there is not significant differences between accelerated and conventional methods in antibody production against hepatitis B antigen.

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Background and Objective: Glaucoma is one of the most important cause of blindness wordwide. Exact determination of intra ocular pressure is important for the diagnosis and decision making about glaucoma treatment. Central corneal thickness is considered as effective factor on intra ocular pressure and visual field defect. This study was carried out to determine the relationship between central corneal thickness, intra ocular pressure and visual field in normal tension and primary open angle glaucoma. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 45 eyes with normal tension glaucoma and 45 eyes with primary open angle glaucoma in Al-Zahra ophthalmology hospital in Zahedan, Iran during 2010. Intra ocular pressure and central corneal thickness were measured by Goldman tonometer and pachymeter and visual field exanimated by Humphrey perimeter. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16, paired t-test, ANOVA, Mann–Whitney and Pearson corlateion tests. Results: There was significant correlation between central corneal thickness and intra ocular pressure (r=0.309, P<0.05). A significant difference was detected in intra ocular pressure between two type of glaucoma (P<0.05). Mean value of central corneal thickness in patient with mild visual field defect was higher than severe visual field defect but there was not significant statistical difference between central corneal thickness and visual field defect in subjects with glaucoma. Conclusion: This study indicated that increasing corneal thickness is accompanied with intra occular presure.

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Background and Objective: There is a genetic background for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Due to increase metabolic disorders, lipoproteins, impaired glucose tolerance, and hypertension in PCOS patients, this study was done to determine the cardiovascular risk factors in first relative member of patients with polycystic ovarian syndrom in Shiraz, Iran. Materials and Methods: This case - control study was carried out on 107 parents and siblings of women with PCOS as cases and 107 non-PCOS parents and siblings of women as controls in Shiraz, Iran during 2007-08. Demographic characteristic, BMI, obesity and blood pressure were recorded for all subjects. Serum lipoproteins including total cholestrol, triglyceride, LDL, HDL and fasting blood sugar were measured in cases and controls. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16.5, independent t-test, Chi-Square and Kappa tests. Results: 35.3%, 26.5%, 11.76% and 5.8% of fatheres in cases were considered as overweight class I, class II, class III of obesity, respectively when compared to controls. This differecne was significant (P<0.05). Waist –hip ratio in mothers in cases (25.6%) and controls (17.9%) were higher than 0.85. Waist –hip ratio among the sisters in case and control groups were 23.5% and 17.6%, respectively (P<0.05). Hypertension was observed in 12.2% of cases and 3.7% of controls. This difference was not significant. High level of triglyceride were determined in 14.94% of cases and 6.5% of controls. A significant correlation was found between BMI and diabete II in case and control groups (P<0.05). Disorder in glucose tolerance test (GTT) in case and control goups were 19.62% and 7.47%, respectively (P<0.05). The obesity was found in 18.7%, 6.54% in cases and controls with disorder in GTT (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that obesity, central obesity, high level of serum lipoproteins and hypertension among first relative member of patients with PCOS are significantly higher than the controls.

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Background and Objective: Passive smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of pregnancy complications. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between self-reported exposure to passive smoking and urinary cotinine level of the pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was done on 108 non-smoker pregnant women referred to Arash hospital in Tehran, Iran for delivery during 2010. A questionnaire including smoke exposure during pregnancy was completed for all the participants. Urine samples were collected from the mothers in the delivery room. The urinary cotinine levels was measured by ELISA method. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16, Student t-test, Chi-Square and one-way ANOVA tests. The Kappa test was used to evaluate the variability of mothers which report exposure to passive smoking with maternal urinary cotinine level. Results: The geometric mean cotinine of the maternal urine in the exposed group (27.4±29.96 ng/ml) was significantly higher than the non-exposed group (0.75±2.29 ng/ml) (P<0.05). There was a significant association between maternal reports of cigarette smoke exposure and urinary cotinine (Kappa=96%) (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study indicated that there is a relationship between maternal self-reporting and urinary cotinine level during pregnancy.

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Low back pain (LBP) is a common and complicated disorder which is influenced by a number of factors, among them is the lack of spinal stability provided by muscle contraction. One of the most important muscles which has a role in spinal stability is musculus transversus abdominis. A literature search for the period of 2000-11 was performed in PubMed, ProQuest, Science Direct, Thomson, EMBASE, OVID, CINAHL and MEDLINE databases using musculus Transversus Abdominis, ultrasonography, chronic nonspecific low back pain as keywords. Nineteen articles were selected according to the inclusion criteria of the study. Evidences demonstrated that thickness of transversus abdominis reduces in patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain (LBP) and ultrasonography seemed to be a valid and highly reliable instrument for measuring thickness of transversus abdominis in patients with LBP and healthy subjects on different positions and states. Studies demonstrated that there are adequate evidences to confirm the merit of ultrasonography in the assessment of musculus transversus abdominis in patients with chronic LBP and healthy subjects.

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Background and Objective: Disability of upper extrimity from stroke are often permanent. Despite numerous functional problems, there is less attention to upper exterimity disabilitis than lower limbs. Some new methods of treatment focuses on using the magnetic stimulation as a means brain currents to produce therapeutic effects. This study was done to evalute the effect of low frequency repeatitive transcranial magnetic stimulation to improve motor function and grip force of upper limb in hemiplegic patients. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was done on 12 stroke hemiplegic patients in Firoozgar hospital in Tehran, Iran during 2009-10. Patients in group I, recieved rehabilitation program with placebo magnetic stimulation, and patients in group II, received magnetic stimulation with routine rehabilitation program for 10 session, 3 times in week. Pre and post were evaluated by Barthel and Fugl-Meyer indeces and dynamometer. Data were analyzed using SPSS-15, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, paired t-test, independent t-test and Wilcoxon signed tests. Results: According to Barthel and Fugl-Meyer indeces both groups I, II showed significant improvement (P<0.05). Using dynamometer, it was demenstrated that grip force of upper limb in group I was not significant but this index in group II was significant after intervention (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that low frequency repeatitive truscrianial magnetic stimulation has therapuetic effect on grip force of upper limb.

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Background and Objective: After axotomy or the compersion the nerve, the death of spinal cord nerves cell body occur. Compersion is one of the factors causing the degeneration of the spinal cord cell body. This degeneration is due to the reversed factors of the damaged area that have reached to cell body. Prosopis farcta is a member of leguminosae family and mimosaceae subfamily. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ethanolic extract of pod prosopis farcta plant, on neuronal density of anterior horn following sciatic nerve compression in rat. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was performed on thirty male wistar rats with the age of about three months years and 300-350 gr weight. The animals were divided into five groups. A) control, B) compression, C) compression + treatment with 25 mg/kg ethanolic extract, D) compression + treatment with 50 mg/kg ethanolic extract and E: compression + treatment with 75 mg/kg ethanolic extract. After anesthetizing the rats, the muscle of thigh was splited and the sciatic nerve was kept under compersion, the muscle and skin were stitched subsequently. In the experimental groups the alchoholic extract of the prosopis farcta was injected to the rats with 25mg/kg, 50mg/kg, 75mg/kg dosage by the intrapritoneal way weekly. After 28 days of compresion, the rat, were put under the perfusion method and some samples were taken of their lumbar spinal cord and after tissue processes, 7 micron slide were provided of the samples serially. Slides were stained by toluidin blue, and some photos were taken and neuronal density of the alpha motoneurons alpha anterior horn of the spinal cord was calculated by the disector method. Data were analyzed using Minitab software, ANOVA and t- tests. Results: The neuronal density in the compression group (628±29.7) was decreased significantly in compare to the control group (1562±35.3) (P<0.05). The neuronal density in group C (1070±91), increased significantly in compare to the compression group (p<0.05). The neuronal density in group D (1117±62.8) and group E (1669±86.5) significantly increased in compare to the compression group (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that alchoholic extract of the prosopis farcta has a neuroprotective effect following sciatic nerve compression in rats.

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Background and Objective: Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is involved in regulation of proliferation, differentiation, hypertrophy and anti-apoptosis and activation of satellite cells. This study was done to evaluated the effect of 8 weeks resistance training on sphingosine-1-phosphate level and gene expression of SK1 enzyme, isoforms of MHCs in skeletal muscles of male Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was done on Twenty four 8-week-old 190-250 gr male Wistar rats. The rats were allocated randomly into control (N=12) and training (N=12) groups. Resistance training was done using a 1 meter height ladder with 2 cm grid with an 85 degree incline, and weights attached to rat's tails. The content of S1P present in the chloroform layer was determined by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Determination of relative mRNA expression was performed by Real-time PCR. Data were analyzed using SPSS-17, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and independent t-test. Results: Resistance exercise training increased the total content of S1P in FHL (fast-twitch) and soleus (slow-twitch) muscles in comparison with control group (P<0.05). Resistance exercise training changed the gene expression of FHL SK1, SOL SK1, FHL MHC I, Sol MHC I, FHL MHC IIa, Sol MHC IIa, FHL MHC IIb, Sol MHC IIb, FHL MHC IIx, Sol MHC IIx in comparison with control group (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that S1P level and gene expression of SK1, MHCs increased at skeletal muscles after training.

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Background and Objective: Brain ischemia is one of the most important factor of morbidity and mortality and leaving many people with mental and physical disabilities. Until now there are no appropriate medications to prevent and cure ischemic injury. This study was done to evaluate the protective effect of Adenosine A1 receptor and ascorbic acid on hippocampal neuronal density and memory disorder in ischemia reperfusion induced Rats. Materials and Methods: This experimental study was performed on the hippocampus pyramidal neurons on 56 male BALB/c mice. Animals randmly allocated into 8 groups (N=7) including: 1) intact, 2) ischemic control group, 3) ischemic, plus agonist and adenosine of A1 receptor, 4) ascorbic acid (100 mg/daily), 5) ischemic plus agonist adenosine receptor (1 mg/1 kg) one week after ischemia, 6) ischemia, ascorbic acid befor and after ischemia and A1 receptor (1 mg/1 kg) agonist after ischemia, 7) A1 receptor, antagonist (2.25 / 1 kg), one weed after ischemia, 8) Ascorbic acid (100 mg/1kg) before and after ischemia plus A1 receptor antagonist (2.25 / 1 kg) after ischemia. Ischemia induced by clamping of common carotid artery and the drugs was injected subsequently into peritoneum after reduction of inflammation of ischemic zone. The Y-maze memory test performed after completing the treatment period, afterward brains fixed and prepared for microscopic nissl staining method. The counting of pyramidal cells were performed at 53500 square micrometer of CA1. Data were analyzed using SPSS-15 and ANOVA test. Results: The Y-maze test showed extensive deficit in short-term memory in ischemic group (PA=200) but in treatment groups this deficit significantly reduced (PA=243, 248 and 265). The normal neuronal cell in ischemic group was significantly lowered (n=87) than treatment groups (n=111, 105 and 125) including ascorbic acid group (125), adenosine receptor agonist (105) and ascorbic acid plus agonist adenosine receptor (111). The number of normal neuronal cell in ischemic groups significantly is reduced compared to treatment group (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that concurrent treatment of ascorbic acid and Adenosine A1 receptor agonist can significantly reduce the complications caused by brain ischemia in CA1 area of hippocampus.

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Background and Objective: Improving the ability to walk is often a key target for the treatment of abnormal gait in children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy (CP). One of the goals of orthotic rehabilitation is to improve walking in this field. The aims of this study was to design and manufacture the dynamic neoprene orthoses and evaluate its impact on the gait parameters in children with cerebral palsy. Materials and Methods: This quasi-experimental study was done on 12 children with spastic CP at University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation, in Tehran, Iran during 2010-11. Initially neoprene dynamic orthosis is designed specifithy for each subject, this neoprene dynamic orthosis was used for six weeks and 6-8 hrs daily. For evaluating the walking speed and the gait variation, 10 meter walking test and visual analogue scale have been used. Modified Ashworth’s Scale and electro-goniometre were used to assess muscle spasticity and the flexion degrees of knee joint. Data were analyzed using SPSS-16, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Paired t-tests. Results: The alteration of knee flexion angle, walking speed and walking distance following dynamic orthosis were -18.31±4.61 (degree), -0.50±1.82 (meter) and 4.18±1.51, respectively. The improvement in knee joint angle and walking following dynamic orthosis was significant (P<0.05), but the walking speed was not significant. Conclusion: This study showed that neoprene dynamic orthosis can improve knee flexion angle and walking distance among children with spastic diplegic cerebral palsy.

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Background and Objective: Headache is one the most common compliant of patients and has different causes and the migraine and tension headaches are common. Personality is characteristics forming an individual distinctive manner. This study aimed to determine the frequency and association of different types of personality characteristics in patients with migraine and tension headaches. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was done on 160 (12 male and 148 female) subjects with chief complaint of headache whome referred to 5th Azar clinics of Gorgan, Iran during 2007-08. Subjects were selected by simple random sampling and were examined by either a neurologist or psychiatrist patient with diagnosis migraine either of or tension headache were included. Selected patients evaluated by short form of Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Data were analyzed using SPSS-13 and Chi-Square test. Results: The mean age was 11.18±33.29 in women and 34.33±13.7 in men. 96 patients (60%) had tension headache and 64 (41.2%) had migraine. In tension headache, depressed personality (43.8%) and hysterical personality (16.4%) were more common but in migraine headache, depressed personality (48.9%) and paranoid personality (20%) were common but this difference was not significant. Conclusion: This study showed that there is no relation between personality characteristics with tension headach and migraine.

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Background and Objective: Nanosilver particles are one of functional nanotechnology filed. These nanoparticles have antibacterial and antifungal characteritic. Combination therapy is one of new and specific method for therapy of diseases in medicine and pharmacology. Some plants are useful in growth inhibition of Aspergilus Niger. This study was done to evaluate the synergic effect of alcoholic eucalyptus and nanosilver on colony count of Aspergilus Niger. Materials and Methods: In this laboratory study PAN were cultured in PDA medium. Five experimental and one control group were designed for the comparison of synergic effect of alcoholic eucalyptus and nanosilver, nanosilver 50ppm, nanosilver 12.5ppm, eucalyptus ethanolic extract 100%, eucalyptus ethanolic extract 100% mixed with nanosilver 12.5ppm, eucalyptus ethanolic extract mixed with 50ppm, and double distilled water were given to group 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and control group respectively. Morphological, diameter, and colony numbers in various culture media were compared subsequently. The repeated number of Aspergilus Niger were 24, and they were chosen randomly. Data were analyzed using SPSS-15 and ANOVA test. Results: The Aspergilus niger colony were reduced 8 days following treatment from 200 colony in control group to 90, 75, 55 and 43 in nanosilver group in 12.5 ppm, nanosilver group in 50 ppm, nanosilver group in 50 ppm mixed with eucalyptus ethanolic extract and finally eucalyptus ethanolic extract group, respectivley (P<0.05). The colony count 24 day following treatment were reduced from 200 colony in control group to 42, 14 and 2 in eucalyptus ethanolic extract group, nanosilver group in 12.5 ppm mixed with eucalyptus ethanolic extract and finally nanosilver group in 50 ppm mixed with eucalyptus ethanolic extract, respectivley (P<0.05). Conclusion: This study showed that nanosilver with 50 ppm concentration mixed with eucalyptus ethanolic extract have synergic effect on reducing the Aspergilus niger growth rate.