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Background and Objective: Patients with psychological disorders including depression, anxiety and patients with choronic psychological diseases are not suitable for cosmetic rhinoplasty.This study was done to evaluate the mental health status before and after cosmetic rhinoplasty.

Methods: This quasi- experimental study was done on 100 women and men with mean age of 26.85±6.60 which candidated for cosmetic rhinoplasty. Subjects filled out psychological disorder symptom questianare (SCL-90-R) before and 3-6 months after cosmetic rhinoplasty.

Results: Women had more symptom (P<0.05) of depression (7.24 versus 10.79), somatization (4.64 versus 7.35), obsessive-compulsive (5.67 versus 8.51), interpersonal sensitivity (5.48 versus 7.52), anxiety (5.26 versus 8.07), symptom distress index (0.58 versus 0.79) and totally positive symptoms (32.29 versus 41.06) in comparison with men. The main effect of time factor showed that there was not significant difference between symptoms of psychological disorder before and 3-6 months after cosmetic rhinoplasty. Interactional effect of gender and time was not significant for each psychological disorder symptom.

Conclusion: The differences of deviation of psychological disorder symptoms, before cosmetic rhinoplasty and 3-6 months after cosmetic rhinoplasty were not significant. This finding can denotes existence of psychological symptoms before cosmetic surgery. Cosmetic surgery strengthens psychological symptoms in women the assessment and psychological intermediate with the aim of reducing psychological symptoms especially at time range of 3-6 months should be done.

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Background and Objective: Gum diseases and dental caries are the most prevalent diseases in societies with different cultures particularly among pregnant women. This study was done to evaluate the oral health status of pregnant women in Gonbad Kavous, northern Iran.

Methods: This descriptive - analytical study was conducted on 400 pregnant women aged 20 to 40 years old in Gonbad Kavous, northern Iran during 2010-11. Demographic and oral examination information was recorded in a chick list. The obtained data were evaluated by DMFT index (Decay, Missing, and Filling Teeth) and OHI-S index (Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified).

Results: The average of DMFT index was 3.29±6.21. There was a significant difference between the place of birth and place of residence of pregnant women with DMFT index (P<0.05). The average of OHI-S index in pregnant women was moderate (0.88±1.36). There was a significant difference between the location of residence and the level of education of pregnant women with OHI-S index (P<0.05). The most important factor to increase DMFT index was the high average of decayed teeth among pregnant women. Regarding the method and duration of observing oral hygiene, the most correct answers were related to method of cleaning teeth (toothbrush and toothpaste) and the least ones were related to the duration of cleaning (3-5 minutes).

Conclusion: DMFT index was high in pregnant women in northern Iran.

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Background and Objective: Although lifestyle-related factors have separately been examined in relation to functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs), there is no epidemiologic data on the combined association of lifestyle factors with these conditions. We aimed to examine how combinations of several lifestyle factors were associated with functional dyspepsia (FD), its symptoms and gastro-esophageal reflux disease (GERD) in a large group of Iranian adults.

Methods: This descriptive -analytic study was conducted on 3363 Iranian adults (19-70 yr), whom were working in 50 health centers across Isfahan province in Iran during 2012. We used easy non-random sampling to select participants. The “healthy lifestyle score” for each participant was calculated by summing up the binary score given for five lifestyle factors, including dietary habits, dietary intakes, psychological distress, smoking and physical activity. A dish-based 106-item semi-quantitative validated food frequency questionnaire, General Practice Physical Activity Questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire and other pre-tested questionnaires were used to assess the components of healthy lifestyle score. A validated Persian version of ROME III questionnaire was used, to assess functional gastrointestinal disorders.

Results: The prevalence of FD and GERD among study participants was 14.5 and 23.6%, respectively. After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that individuals with the highest score of healthy lifestyle had 79 and 74% lower odds of FD (95% CI: 0.05-0.92, OR: 0.21, P=0.03) and GERD (95% CI: 0.09-0.69, OR: 0.26, P=0.01), respectively, compared with those with the lowest score. They were also less likely to have early satiation (95% CI: 0.11-0.73, OR: 0.28, P=0.001), postprandial fullness (95% CI: 0.09-0.50, OR: 0.22, P<0.001) and epigastric pain (95% CI: 0.21-0.92, OR: 0.44, P=0.03). In addition to the combined healthy lifestyle score, low levels of psychological distress, a healthy diet, healthy dietary habits and non-smoking were separately associated with FGIDs (P<0.05).

Conclusion: This study showed that adherence to a healthy lifestyle was associated with lower odds of GERD, FD and its symptoms in this group of Iranian adults. Individual lifestyle-related factors were also associated with these conditions.

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Background and Objective: Divorce as a life crisis can lead to emotional and behavioral problems. This study was done to determine the effectiveness of group based reality therapy based on Glasser choice theory on the general health and obsessive beliefs of divorced women.
Methods: In this quasi-experimental study 30 divorced women were non-randomly divided into the two interventions and control groups (15 participants in each group). Perior of the study the general health questionnaire (GHQ) (anxiety, social function, somatic symptoms and depression) and obsessive thoughts questionnaire (OBQ-44) (responsibility, perfectionisn and importance of thoughts) were completed by subjects in both groups. Counselling with Glasser approach was performed for intervention group through 8 group sessions once a week and lasted for 120 minutes. Control group received no intervention. At the end of the study, Post-test was performed from both groups.
Results: Group training based on reality therapy in intervention group's participants caused a significant reduction in all items of the two variables, general health and obsessive thoughts in compared to the control group (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Group based reality therapy based on Glasser choice theory improves general health of divorced women and reduces their obsessive beliefs.

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Background and Objective: Health and social services have broad domain like encompassing healthcare, childcare and youth services, maternal services, senior citizen organizations, community centers and public amenities. Livability can be considered as the characteristics of the urban environment, which makes it an attractive place to live. This study was conducted to analysis of the urban livability of Mashhad in north-east of Iran metropolis based on health indicator.
Methods: In this descriptive-analytical study the maps related to the status of each of objective sub-indicators including Spatial distribution of hospital, clinic, health center, emergency center and toilet based on the limits of Mashhad metropolis's zones (13 zones) were drawn by using the GIS Software. For mental indicator of health including physical health, relaxation, health services and satisfaction of health was used questionnaire. The sample size in all zones of Mashhad was equal 402 persons.
Results: 39% of Mashhad's zones are at health very unfavorable level with respect to the urban livability. The zone 13 of Mashhad metropolis was determined the best zone in terms of health indicator, followed by zones 8 and 11, respectively. In contrast, zones 4, 6 and 3 were determined the worst conditions in terms of health indicator, respectively.
Conclusion: The livability of Mashhad metropolis is not in desirable status base on health indicator. The realization of Livable city in terms of health requires attention to both objective and subjective dimensions and Livability has dynamic, integrated and continuous process.

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Background and Objective: Managed health care is one of the main components of universal health care systems, which recently has drawn more attentions. Therefore, based on the high costs of health system, poor quality of services, reduce efficiency, it is necessary to study and design a model to distinguish managed form unmanaged systems in Iran. This study was done to evaluate the managed health care in contagious and non-contagious diseases in Golestan province, northern Iran during 2016.

Methods: This descriptive-analytic study was done based on data collected from all urban and rural health centers of Golestan province, north of Iran during 2016 using standard checklists. Data were analyzed according to rural and urban area and type of diseses.

Results: Managed health care of tuberculosis was considerd in first rank following by hypothyroidism, leishmaniasis, hypertension, brucellosis and finally diabetes in a respective manner. In addition, managed cares in rural centers significantly had better condition than those of urban centers (P<0.05).

Conclusion: This study showed that managed care in rural areas is better than urbans and the tuberculosis has well condition according to managed health care.

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Background and Objective: Cancer can cause many problems in all aspects of the physical, mental, social, economic and family life of the elderly patients. This study was done to determine the supportive care needs of the elderly people with cancer in north of Iran.
Methods: This descriptive- analytical study was carried out on 248 elderly patients with cancer whom referred to governmental and private medical centers in Gorgan, Northern Iran during 2018. Data were collected by a valid and reliable questionnaire "Supportive Care Needs Survey-SCNS" consisted of five domains of physical needs and daily functioning, health system and information, supportive and care, mental, and sexual chracteristics.
Results: There was a significant relationship between physical activity and daily functioning, sexual domain, support and care, health and information system with gender (P<0.05). Female seniors were more in need of assistance in the areas of physical and daily functioning, and male seniors in the areas of sex, support and care, health systems, and information.
Conclusion: This study showed that unmet needs in the elderly with cancer are particularly high in physical and functional areas.

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Background and Objective: The mental health of cancer patients impaired by suffering, future worriness, and fear of death. This study was conducted to determine the effect of acceptance and commitment based training on the difficulty of emotion regulation and mental health in women with breast cancer.
Methods: In this clinical trial study, 30 female patients with breast cancer were randomly divided into control and intervention groups (n=15). The intervention group received 8 sessions of 90 minutes of acceptance and commitment procedures. Before and after the treatment and two months there after, all participants were evaluated and compared with the Gratz-Romer 2004 and General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28).
Results: Emotion regulation score in the intervention group was singnificantly reduced from 113.52±4.16 to 104.67±3.96 (P<0.05). Emotion regulation score remained low in the intervention group in the follow up period (104.17±3.58); but the mean in the control group did not show any significant reduction. In the intervention group after the treatment, the total score of mental health reduced from (46.81±4.21) to (33.18±3.39) (P<0.05). This score was 33.12±3.33 in the follow-up period in the intervention group; but no significant reduction was observed in the control group.
Conclusion: Acceptance and commitment technique training can improves mental health and emotion regulation in women with breast cancer.

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Background and Objective: Unhealthy lifestyle is the main cause of morbidity, mortality and preventable complications in the elderly. Performing health promotion behaviors are one of the most effective factors in maintaining and improving health. This study was done to determine the health promotion lifestyles in the elderly people.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 110 elderly people aged 60-88 years referred to teaching and medical centers in Gorgan, north of Iran during 2019. Data was collected using Health Promotion Lifestyle Profile 2 (HPLP-II) questionnaire. This questionnaire includes six dimensions of spiritual growth, responsibility for health, interpersonal relationships, stress management, physical activity and nutrition for evaluation health promotion behaviors status. The total score range of the instrument ranges from 52 to 208. A score of 52-103 was considered low level of compliance with health promotion behaviors and a score of 104-155 and scores above 156 was considered intermediate and high level, respectively.
Results: The mean±SD of health promotion lifestyle was 143.52±17.36. There was a significant relationship between lifestyle and demographic characteristics (P<0.05). Spiritual growth and interpersonal relationships had the highest score among the six dimensions of health promotion behaviors.
Conclusion: Health promotion lifestyle in the elderly was low in terms of physical activity and stress management.

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Background and Objective: Mood disorders such as depression, anxiety, stresses, and low sleep quality are common among overweight / obese people. Accumulating evidence support the role of diet quality in brain function and behavior. This study was done to determine the relationship between dietary energy density and indices of mental health in overweight and obese women.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 301 women, referring to Tehran health centers, with mean BMI 30.7±3.7 kg/m² aged 18-56 years during 2017-18. Based on a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, dietary energy density was calculated by dividing the total dietary energy intake from consumed food (kcal/d) by the total weight (g/d) of consumed foods (excluding beverages). Physical activity was measured using International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). The questionnaire includes 7 items to assess the intensity of activities by the vigorous, medium, and light for at least 10 minutes during the last week. Mental health was assessed using the 21-question version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales (DASS-21) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index was applied for screening sleep quality. Weight, height, BMI, hip, and waist circumference were measured for all participants.
Results: Women in the highest quartile of dietary energy density had higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure but lower serum triglyceride (P<0.05), compared with subjects in the first quartile. Univariate (95% CI: 1.01-4.56, P=0.04, OR=2.15) and multivariate (95% CI: 1.13-5.79, P=0.02, OR=2.56) logistic regression analysis, adjusted for age, BMI, and physical activity, showed that dietary energy density was significantly related to increased risk of stress. No significant association was detected between dietary energy density with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety.
Conclusion: Dietary energy density was directly associated with the presence of stress, but not depression, anxiety and low sleep quality.

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Background and Objective: Periodontal disease has high prevalence in diabetic patients and the knowledge of them about the relationship between diabetes and periodontal disease is effective in the control of the blood glucose and progression of periodontitis. This study was done to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practice of diabetic patients about periodontal disease in Gorgan north of Iran.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was done on 300 type 1 and 2 diabetic patients (136 males & 164 females) whom referred to governmental health centers in Gorgan, northern Iran during 2019. Demographic information, knowledge, attitude and practice were recorded using a questionnaire.
Results: The level of good knowledge, attitude and practice were evaluated 51.7%, 44.3% and 25%, respectively. There was significant association between oral hygiene practice and gender and education (P<0.05). Good practice was observered more in females and in patients.
Conclusion: More than half of diabetic patients had moderate to good knowledge and attitude about periodontal disease but their practice was moderate to poor.

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Background and Objective: brucellosis is one of the most common zoonosis diseases. Brucellosis is a systemic disease and affected several organs and tissue in human. This study was performed to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice about brucellosis control among livestock farmers.
Methods: This descriptive-analytic study, was performed on 300 rural literate livestock farmers in BuinZahra, Qazvin Iran during 2019. The knowledge, attitude, and practice, the related factors and demographic characteristics such as age, education level and family count were evaluated by structured six-part questionnaire including 30 questions.
Results: The mean age of the subjects was 41.3±16.4 years. Although 90.7% had heard of brucellosis, only 14% had previous trained. There was a positive attitude about the use of methods to reduce the risk of infection in the family and the seriousness of the issue of animal brucellosis in 19% and 64% of cases, respectively. About 94.7% were attended to veterinarian in suspected cases and 96.7% examined the new animals. 97% were uses of new cheese and milk but the milk was boiled by 89.3%. The mean knowledge was 5.3 ranging from 0 to 8 points in them. There was a statistically significant difference in the knowledge score of individuals according to the information source (P<0.05). Knowledge score and number of household members had positive correlation (r=0.135, P=0.019).
Conclusion: There is medium-level knowledge about brucellosis in livestock farmers. The attitude and some actions (such as dealing with infected livestock) needed to be improved. The probable reason is the high cost of behavior modification in some areas, which has provided the gap between knowledge, attitude and behavior in this area.

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Background and Objective: Most people who commit suicide suffer from psychiatric disorders, especially depression and substance-related disorders. However, major psychiatric disorders are not the sole risk factor for suicide, and other reasons, such as physical illness, may also be considered as an important factor for suicide ideation. This study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of suicidal ideation and its relationship with depression and the general health status of patients referred to addiction treatment centers in Iran.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 689 patients referred to addiction treatment centers in Yazd, Khorasan Razavi, Mazandaran, Sistan and Baluchistan, Fars, East Azarbaijan, and Kermanshah Provinces who were undergoing maintenance treatment with methadone in 2017. In this multicenter study, the subjects were selected by two-stage sampling; in the first stage, seven provinces (clusters) were randomly selected, and in the second stage, the patients from the selected provinces were enrolled via convenience sampling. The instruments used in this study included the General Health Questionnaire, the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Beck Suicide Idea Scale.
Results: Of 689 patients, 218 (31.6%) had suicidal ideation. 21.91% (151 cases) of subjects had history of attempted to suicide. There was a significant relationship between suicidal ideation, depression, and general health status and its dimensions including physical symptoms, anxiety and sleep disorders, social functioning, and depression (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Suicidal ideation is present in one-third of the people who refer to addiction treatment centers in Iran. Depression and poor general health are major contributors to suicidal ideation.
 

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Background and Objective: Today, the role of family members in caring for cancer patients is becoming more important. Numerous cancer-associated problems affect both the patients and their caregivers. Little information is available about the social support and spiritual health of caregivers of cancer patients; therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the spiritual health and social support status of family caregivers of cancer patients in northeastern Iran.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was performed on 265 family caregivers of cancer patients. The subjects were selected by convenience sampling from inpatient wards and outpatient clinics of Babol University of Medical Sciences in 2019. Data were collected using the Social Support Questionnaire (by Vaux), the Spiritual Well-Being Scale (by Paloutzian and Ellison), and a socio-demographic questionnaire.
Results: The mean scores of social support and spiritual health of family caregivers of cancer patients were 98.86±14.58 and 91.32±11.97, respectively, which are at a desirable level. The age of caregivers and the duration of cancer had no significant relationship with the score of spiritual health and social support.
Conclusion: According to our findings, family caregivers of cancer patients have a desirable level of social support and spiritual health.
 

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Background and Objective: Type 2 diabetes is a common disease that could be prevented or managed with a healthy lifestyle. This study was conducted to determine the effects of self-healing with mindfulness-integrated cognitive behavior therapy on the health-promoting lifestyle profile of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Methods: This clinical trial was done on 45 patients with type 2 diabetes who had been referred to the Sedigeh Tahereh Clinic in Isfahan (Iran) in 2021. The patients were randomly divided into 3 groups of 15 patients: a control group, a self-healing group (first intervention) and a mindfulness-integrated cognitive behavior therapy group (second intervention). Interventions for each treatment were held as a weekly 90-minute online session. Posttest was After 12 sessions and three months after the test was followed up. The research tool was a health-promoting lifestyle profile questionnaire with nutrition, exercise, health responsibility, stress management, interpersonal support and self-fulfillment components. The questionnaire was filled out by each group after the 12 sessions and three months after the last session.
Results: Both the self-healing methods and the mindfulness-integrated cognitive behavior therapy increased the lifestyle scores of patients with type 2 diabetes compared to the control group (P<0.05), and the effect was maintained in both intervention groups in the follow-up phase. No difference was observed between the two treatment methods compared with the control group.
Conclusion: Self-healing and mindfulness-integrated cognitive behavior therapy is both effective in improving the health-promoting lifestyle profile of patients with type 2 diabetes.
 

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Background and Objective: Middle age is associated with various biopsychosocial changes. Sexual health is one of the most important aspects of health, which is less addressed in middle age. The study aimed to determine the relationship between sexual self-concept and sexual health in middle-aged women in Gorgan, Iran.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 428 eligible married women (mean age: 46.38±5.46 years) who had electronic records in one of the comprehensive health centers of Gorgan, Iran. Data collection was done in 2019 using a demographic checklist, the Persian version of Snell’s multidimensional sexual self-concept questionnaire, and the sexual health of middle-aged women scale.
Results: The mean score of sexual self-concept was 115.10±26.88 in the positive domain, 18.09±11.22 in the negative domain, and 39.92±11.88 in the situational domain. The mean score of sexual health was 129.18±18.71. There was a significant positive correlation between sexual health and the positive (r=0.67, P<0.001) and situational sexual self-concept (r=0.63, P<0.001). There was also a significant inverse correlation between sexual health and negative sexual self-concept (r=-0.48, P<0.001).
Conclusion: This study showed that the sexual health of married middle-aged women has a direct relationship with the positive sexual self-concept and an inverse relationship with the negative sexual self-concept.
 

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Various sciences such as medicine, psychology, sociology, history, ethics, etc., each of them look at humans from a specific angle and study them. Therefore, in any science, including medicine, what constitutes the subject of that science and forms the basis of the problems of that science depends on the definition of that science of the nature and essence of man. Therefore; it is very important to look at human nature in the recognition of disease and its prevention and treatment. The present research, with descriptive analytical method and referring to library sources, aims to investigate the impact of non-material factors such as disobeying divine orders and moral vices in depriving mental health from the point of view of Islam. The findings of this research show; there are two general views about human nature: material and divine. Now; in medical sciences, in all three areas of disease recognition, prevention and treatment, depending on the acceptance of one of the two mentioned points of view, the data and, accordingly, the results will vary. It is obvious that, rejecting metaphysical dualism, the materialist view in medical studies defines its scope of research only on the axis of material and experimental factors and in opposite; the divine perspective considers the scope of the mentioned studies beyond material factors and includes non-material and spiritual factors as well. As a result: by assuming the divine perspective, it is shown that the causes of disease go beyond material factors and include non-material factors as well, and sin and disobedience to divine orders and moral vices have a direct effect on causing some diseases And on the contrary, observing religious and moral principles has an effect on maintaining and sustaining the health of the body as a cage of the soul.

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Background and Objective: Health includes various dimensions, one of the most important of which is spiritual health. Although this aspect of health has a long history, it has attracted the attention of doctors and psychologists in the last few decades. One of the effective factors in spiritual health is rationality, which has always been one of the most controversial topics in the history of human thought. This study was done to explain the relationship between health and spirituality.

Methods: This research is of analytical-descriptive type, which was carried out using the library method and using verses, narrations and interpretive sources.

Results: Rationality is not only incompatible with spirituality but also strengthens it. The religion of Islam, which was descended for the development and growth of spiritual health, has always invited people to rationality and has condemned those who do not use reason and thought.

Conclusion: This study shows that rationality has a direct relationship with spirituality and causes the spiritual health of a person.

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Background and Objective: Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) have been active in the field of health for a long time and have played a key role in it, but these organizations are less known to the public for the promotion of social health and are not much considered by the planners and managers of the health system. This study was conducted to determine the challenges of NGOs’ to promote social health in Iran.
Methods: In this qualitative study, 15 Iranian managers and scientific and executive experts of the Ministry of Health, Ministry of Interior, Governorate, and Universities of Medical Sciences of the country were selected by purposeful sampling during 2021. Data were collected using an interview guide and semi-structured in-depth interview methods. After recording and transcribing, the data were analyzed by content analysis.
Results: The challenges of NGOs to promote social health in Iran were classified into six main themes of planning, organizing, functional, political, economic, and sociocultural challenges, and 33 sub-themes. Most of the participants emphasized the weak role of non-governmental organizations in improving social health and considered it a result of the mentioned challenges.
Conclusion: Empowering non-governmental organizations by formulating a strategic and operational plan and attracting financial resources from various government, private, and charitable sectors will greatly help to strengthen them to advance social health promotion programs.

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Background and Objective: The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has had many psychological impacts on the relatives of patients with COVID-19, which can influence their physical health. This study was conducted to determine Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and its link to the physical health of relatives of patients with COVID-19.
Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 98 relatives of patients with COVID-19 (the case group) with a mean age of 38.56±9.09 years and 98 family members without patients (the control group) with a mean age of 35.79±9.88 years referring to health centers in Gorgan, Iran during 2022. The subjects were selected by a simple random sampling method after extracting the list of patients with COVID-19 from the Health Information Software (NAB) system of health centers. For each selected case, according to the list of families in the NAB system, a family confirmed with a lack of COVID-19 infection was selected as the control group using the simple random sampling method. The data collection tools included the Yale-Brown obsessive-compulsive scale (Y-BOCS) and the patient health questionnaire-15 (PHQ-15).
Results: The mean OCD score in the case group (6.46±5.87) was significantly higher than that in the control group (2.04±3.76) (P<0.05). The mean physical health disorder of the case group (7.60±4.32) was significantly higher than that in the control group (3.43±3.98) (P<0.05). A significant direct linear correlation was found between OCD and physical health in both groups (r=0.39, P<0.001).
Conclusion: The levels of OCD and physical health disorders were significantly higher in family members with a COVID-19 patient than in family members without a COVID-19 patient.