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It is generally recognized diabetes in more prevalent in women than men, besides that there is a close relationship between diabet, type of obesity and body fat distribution. In a descriptive-analytical study, 100 diabetic women aged 30-60 years old referring to diabetic clinic compared with 100 healthy subjects who were similar to the sample group with respect to age and sex. The results showed that BMI of majority women on both groups were in the range of 24.9-29.9, on the other hand 33% of women in control group and 26% patients suffered from the grade one obesity. Minimum ratio of waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) in patients was 0.72 and in healthy women was 0.47. In control group 90% and in healthy subjects 74% of women suffered from upper-truncal obesity (WHR>0.8). A significant difference was found (P=0.04) between the WHR ratio in women control and healthy group. To prevent the fat distribution in the area of stomach and upper truncal, increasing activity and dietary control are suggested.

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The goal of this research is to study of the rate of depression and its relation to type of free time activities, among the medical students at Gorgan University of Medical Sciences in 1999-2000. In this study, 238 medical students (122 male & 116 female) were selected by non-randomized and easy sampling. They were tested by the Beck depression inventory, and a questionnaire due to incomplete information, 32 medical students (15 male & 17 female) were omitted. In general, the average of depressed females was lower than male students (BDI score of 10.2 against 10.9 respectively), but this difference wasn’t statistically significant. Based on this information, medical students had the lowest rate of leisure activities. 52.2% of males and 65.2% of females had not any special leisure activity. The results from this investigation indicate that there are some differences of free-time activities between male and female students. Mental relaxation was the main item among the list of free-time activities of medical students. Finally, we could not find any significant correlation between depression and the kind of leisure activities, which was the main concept in this study.

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Toxoplasmosis is a disease caused by a ubiquitous, obligate intra cellular protozoan Toxoplasma Gondii. Based on serological evidences, Toxoplasmosis infection is a widespread disease with regard to this fact and because to the occurrence of congenital Toxoplasmosis infections due to asymptomatic infections in pregnant women, determination of the rate of Toxoplasma antibodies (IgG, IgM) before pregnancy and finding the involved factors in increasing Toxoplasmosis prevalence seems to be necessary. This study was a cross-sectional and descriptive study and sample population was the women referred to marriage consultation the prevalence of Toxoplasma antibodies (IgG, IgM) was determined by ELISA method. Blood sample were collected randomly from 300 women referred to the center for consultation in 2001 and they was transferred to the laboratory for antibodies determination. The results showed that the general prevalence to the positive cases based on high titer of IgG was 48.3% and of IgM was 11.7%. There was not any relation between positive cases and age, education, place for residence, job, keeping domestic animals (Except cat) vegetable consumption and wash-up, but there was a relation between positive cases of IgM and keeping cat at home (P?0.025). More over 51.7% of pregnant women in Gorgan were seronegative and the were prone to acute Toxoplasmosis during their pregnancy. The results of this study confirm that the determination of the diagnostic Toxoplasmosis is an necessary test during pregnancy.

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High prevalence of acute psychotic agitation in psychiatric emergency centers, necessitates finding an medication with less side effects and more efficacy. Concerning the reports about the efficacy of atypical antipsychotics (Even in oral route) in such cases. We decided to examine the efficacy of these drugs in comparison with older ones (Oral Risperidon plus Lorazepam and Haloperidol (IM) plus Lorazepams. The sample population included 60 acute psychotic agitated patients admitted to emergency room of Ebne-Sina psychiatric center. The exclusion criteria were seizure disorder-pregnancy-substance abuse, developmental disorders and other major medical problems. These patients were randomly divided in two groups. The first group was given Haloperidol (5 mg/IM) plus Lorazepam (2 mg/PO) and in the second group, Risperidon (2 mg/PO) plus Lorazepam (2 mg/PO) were administered remission was assessed based on the total score and scores of subclasses of PANSS including: Hostility, incooperativeness hallucinatory behaviors, impulse dyscontrol and excitement on time zero, 30 and 60 minutes. The results were analyzed using the proper test analyzer. Significant decrease in PANSS scores were observed in each group (P<0.001). There was no significant differences in total score and scores of subclasses between 2 groups. 3 patients of each group needed additional dose 1 hour after the first one. The mean time to induce sleep in Haloperidol group was 60 minutes (SD: 33 m) and in the Risperidon group 55 minutes (SD: 34 m). The present study similar to previous ones showed that the efficacy Risperidon plus Lorazepam (PO) in the control psychotic agitation was equal to that of intramuscular Haloperidol plus oral Lorazepam.

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A great number of drugs have been used to inhibit preterm labor but none has been completely effective. This study has compared. The efficacy of Indomethacin and Mg-Sulfate for delaying delivery in preterm labor. In this randomized controlled trial study 120 pregnant women with intact membrane and preterm labor, cervical dilatation at least 2 cm were studied and if they had premature rupture of membranes, gestational age less than 24 or more than 32 weeks, complete cervical dilatation, severe hemorrhage, chorioamnionitis and triple or higher order gestation excluded from study. Subjects are randomly managed with Indomethacin 25 mg every 6 hours for 4 doses or Mg-Sulfate initially 4 gr/IV followed by 2 gr/h IU infusion until uterine activity diminished or decrease. The success of management was considered as either reduce or stopping the uterine contractions, and no increase in cervical dilatation or effacement. Statistical analysis were performed with Chi-square and T-test. The 2 groups understudy had the same inducer maternal matched maternal age, gestational age, parity, dilatation and effacement at initiation of study, frequency of uterine contractions. Delivery was delayed 24 hr in 66.6% and 48 hr in 58.3% by Mg-Sulfate, also delayed 24 hr in 40% and 48hr in 35% by Indomethacin (P<0.0001). No complications were reported in each group. Mg-Sulfate is more effective than Indomethacin in delaying preterm labor.

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Increase blood level of thyroid hormones due to hyperthyroidism can change the balance between resorption and bone formation and result in hypercalcemia, increase Alkaline Phosphatase and increase in urinary Calcium excretion. Due to these finding and the nutritional conditions of our country in Calcium containing food, we decided to evaluate some of bone indexes in hyperthyroid patients. 30 women, 6 men between 17-40 years (23 patients) and more then 40 years (13 patients) were the sample populations. The control subjects were 35 healthy people 17-40 years (25 persons) and more than 40 years (10 persons). The serum Calcium, phosphorus and Alkaline Phosphatase were determined in these hyperthyroid patients. There were a meaningful correlation between the Alkaline Phosphatase of hyperthyroid patients compared to normal subject (P<0.05) in the patients more than 40 years old, and (P<0.01) in the 17-40 years patients. There were no differences between serum Calcium of hyperthyroid patients and normal subjects. The results from this investigation indicate that in hyperthyroid patients the average Alkaline Phosphatase level is higher than normal subjects. On the other hand the reason for not having a meaningful differences in Calcium level between the hyperthyroid patients and normal population may be due to low dietary intake of dairy produce and proteins in daily diet, which results in low amount of Calcium in nutrition.

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Major histocompatibility complex (MHC), which plays a major biological function in immune response, is generally associated with so many human disease. During recent years a new clinical relevance of MHC disease. On the other hand there is a strong correlation between some autoimmune diseases and MHC system such as in some allergic abnormalities and its relation with HLA antigens. In order to investigate this concept 30 atypic asthmatic patients and 100 healthy controls were selected. Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing was performed by standard NIH procedures and the results analyzed. The frequency of HLA-A2, A11, Aw19 and HLA-B51 decreased in atypic asthmatic patients with no association recorded significantly between HLA-C and allergic asthma. The results of our study indicated that there was a significant relationship between allergic asthma and HLA-I antigens.

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Liver is an important organ with major role in carbohydrates, proteins and lipids metabolism. In addition, secretion and excretion of toxic materials occur in this organ. Exposure to a variety of infectious agents such as parasitic, viral, bacterial or toxic materials may lead to liver damage. Today, one of the best way for investigation and diagnosis of liver damage is measurement of some liver enzyme such as Alanine Aminotransferase (GPT or ALT), Aspartate Aminotransferase (GOT or AST). Since, these enzymes exist in other tissues, measurement of other specific enzyme is required. In this study activity of Ornithine Carbamyltransferase (OCT), the second enzyme in urea cycle, in 56 patients with liver problem (Cirrhosis and viral hepatitis) was determined. SGPT, SGOT, Alb, Bil, ?GT and ALP tests were performed. To assess the health and unhealthy liver in both control and sample groups. Our data shows a correlation between activity of OCT with SGOT (R=0.782, P<0.001) and with SGPT (R=0.857, P<0.001). Since OCT enzyme is specific for liver, further investigation of activity of this enzyme in assessment of other liver problems is required.

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Solvent exposure can affect human health. It can cause different effects in different part of the body. One of the most important side effects is neurobehavioral symptom including mood disorders, short memory, and tiredness. To determine the frequency of neurobehavioral effects in patients of a car producing plant in Tehran and comparing them with other workers in the same plant whom was not being exposed to such solvents. All of car painters (78 persons) as our case group and 83 non-painters as our control group were selected by simple random sampling and neurobehavioral abnormality was assessed by Q16 questionnaire. Neurobehavioral disorders based on above questionnaire was observed in 46% of car painters vs. 36% of non-painters (P=0.10). The significant differences were observed in perspiration without any particular reason (Q8) and feeling irritated without any particular reason (Q4). There was not a significant difference in observed frequency of neurobehavioral abnormalities in patients vs. non-painters, however both of these frequencies were higher than expected frequency reported in other reports.

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All the different kind of Mycobacterium species except Tuberculosis Leprae and Bovis are considered as environmental Mycobacterium, which usually can be isolated from sand, water and dusts. In addition to the role of their pathogenesis, they can stimulate the immune systems. The immune mechanisms following Mycobacterium environmental contamination can be either protect or destroy the immune system when facing the disease related to the Mycobacterium. The Golestan province has got 2 regions from the point of view of TB epidemy, it is higher in the east. The aim of this project is determine the prevalency of various types and strains of environmental Mycobacterium in the east and west of the region. The samples were collected from both regions from the wet sand, and muddes covered with grass and following their preparation they were cultured on the Lowen Stein Jenson. The total of samples were 220 from these 120 samples were from the region with epidemy of TB out of these we had 25 samples with positive culture (20.8%) and 47 type of mycobacterium were isolated, the most common forms of them were Mycobacterium Fortuitum (34%), Mycobacterium Flavesens (21.2%), Mycobacterium Chelonae (12.8%). From 100 samples taken from the region with low epidemy of TB 66 samples were with positive culture (66%) which 114 strains of Mycobacterium were diagnosed. The most common forms of these microorganisms were Mycobacterium Flavesens (20.1%), Mycobacterium Chelonae (18.4%) and Mycobacterium (16.6%). In conclusion in all the Golestan province without taking notice the TB epidemy form 220 samples 91% were positive culture (41.2%) which 161 different strains were diagnosed out of these the most common were Mycobacterium Fortuitum (21.8%), Mycobacterium Flavesens (20.5%) and Mycobacterium Chelonae (16.8%). The epidemy and variousity of environmental Mycobacterium in the region with low epidemy were much higher than the region with high epidemy and in regard to that these differences are due to the bioenvironmental factors. So therefore this can indicate that the possibility of higher contact between the immune systems and the environmental Mycobacterium. These Mycobacteriums can act as Booster of BCG vaccine which can continuously stimulate the immune systems and this can help the body’s proper responses when facing with the TB Mycobacterium.

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Stress is applied to the collection of somatic, emotional and mental reaction, which can disturbed the equilibrium in human beings. One type of stress is work in dependent stress environment, which can affects on personnel due to its internal stressful factor. The object of this research is to investigate the rate of stress in operating room personnel and its relationship with some relevant factors. The present study has been done on 104 personnel of operating room in hospitals belong to the Gorgan Medical Sciences University. The tools for collection data were questionnaire, which contained demographical variables, physical and mental environment stress factors in operating room life stress scale. The results from this investigation indicated that 54.4% of all personals had a mild stress. The stress factors present in the operation room were inconvenient smells the highest with 76% uncooperated team work was the other factor with 29.7% and personnel equipment was (42.6%) it become clear from this investigation that there is a reverse between stress and demographical variables, of stress has a meaningful relationship with age (P=0.01) and years of service in the operation room which means as the age and working in the operation room increased the level of stress decreased. According to the results from this investigation it is suggested therefore to use the old and well-experienced staff to work in the operation room to avoid such problems.

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Hydatidosis is a parasitic infection mostly in found in the liver and lung due to echinococus species. But occurrence in other locations is possible. Purpose of this report is to describe a case of bilateral Hydatid cyst in ovaries. Clinical findings with this uncommon location are poorly specific and diagnosis required histologic examination after surgical removal. Imaging and serology is useful to differentiate Hydatid cyst from benign and malignant tumors. This obligatory to examine lung and liver as the main sites of cyst when you are being faced with unusual location of Hydatid cyst especially in endemic area such as Iran. Our patients was a 35 years old woman with history of 4-month abdominal pain in left and right lower quadran. Sonography showed two cysts in adenexal lesions after surgical removal, they were sent to pathology lab. Hydatic cyst membrane was seen in histologic examination of two cystic masses.

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Background and Objective: Zinc and Copper are the important trace elements for human growth and body’s biological functions. These trace elements are the important cofactors of many enzymes. Serum variation of these trace elements are clinically important and should be taken into consideration, because fluctuation of these elements are behind many clinical manifestation in human. Diarrhea and vomiting can be the clinical symptoms associated with the toxic level of Zinc and Copper in the body. The concept behind this study is to determine the serum levels of Zinc and Copper in hemodialysis patients before and after dialysis, to explain the differences of such trace element concentration in these patients. Materials and Methods: This project is a comparative study. The sample population was 50 of hemodialysis patients chosen randomly from the patients referred to the 5th Azar Hospital in Gorgan (33 male and 17 female). The concentration of Zinc and Copper of these patients was determined before and after the dialysis. Results: The results from this research projects indicated that the average concentration of Zinc and Copper in hemodialysis patients after dialysis were 135.32±59.32 and 136.40±51.52 microgram/deciliter which markedly increase in compare to the serum concentration of these trace elements before the dialysis which were 78.38±37.46 and 89.92±32.54 microgram/deciliter respectively. On the basis of the results, we found in this study the average increased concentration of Zinc and Copper after the process of dialysis among the hemodialysis patients had a meaningful statistical variation (P<0.001). Conclusion: Uremia, dialysis blood tube, heavy metal contamination, the quality of dialysis membrane and the quality of water used for the process of dialysis can be a reason for the increased concentration of Zinc and Copper. Such increase in the serum concentration of these trace elements can be the basis for some clinical abnormalities. Therefore it is suggested to determine the rate of released Zinc and Copper from hemodialysis machine, before the procedure is done To enable the medical team to evaluate the serum Zinc and Copper and correct it by nutritional therapy.

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Background and Objectives: Measuring the H-reflex latency (Tp) is an electrophysiologic test to evaluate the S1 root lesions This reflex traverses a relatively long course and its sensitivity to diagnose mild S1 root lesions is low, so investigators have tried to shorten this pathway Evaluation of the central loop of the H-reflex (Tc) is one of these efforts and may be more sensitive in diagnosing S1 radiculopathy (Compared to standard H-reflex latency). We have tried to determine its influencing factors and find the related regression equation. Materials and Methods: Forty volunteers were investigated with their informed consent. Their history, physical examination and a brief electrophysiologic study were normal. H-reflex latencies (Peripheral- central) of right gastrocnemius-soleus muscle as described in literature, right leg length and age were recorded. Results: This group consisted of 26 males (65%) and 14 female (35%). Mean latencies (And SDs) of peripheral and central H-reflexes were 28.8 (SD: 1.66) and 6.78 (SD: 0.3) milliseconds respectively. The correlation between Tc and leg length was significant (P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between Tc and age (P<0.05). Tc and Tp were correlated. These regression equations were found: Tc=0.04L+5.28, Tc=0.05Tp+4.56, Tp=0.04A+0.3L+16.13 (L: leg length in centimeters, A: age in years, Tc and Tp in milliseconds). Discussion: The results of this study, regarding mean and SD of Tc are in line with the previous studies, and regarding the influence of age on Tc are in contrast with only one study and in line with another study. Conclusion: The correlation between Tc and leg length was significant (P<0.05). There was no significant correlation between Tc and age (P<0.05). These regression equations were found. Tc=0.04L+5.28, Tcx=0.07Tp+4.56, Tp=0.04A+0.3L+16.13 (L: Leg length in centimeters, A: Age in years, Tc and Tp in milliseconds). We concluded that it is wise to use leg length for calculating normal Tc and limiting the normal values. On the other hand, the authors believe that more research on specificity and sensitivity of this test (To diagnose S1 radiculopathy) and comparing it with other diagnostic tools is needed.

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Background and Objective: Cryptosporidium is a parasite with worldwide distribution, a significant cause of diarrhea in children and immunodeficient patients. In some country this parasite is either or fourth factor of diarrhea in children. In developing country the prevalence rate of disease is increased but because of specific method recognition in special survey, information about prevalence in our country isn’t completely available. Materials and Methods: From December to March in Zahedan, capital of Sistan and Baluchestan province, 528 patient referred to Ali-Asghar Hospital, parasitology center, in 25 cases of whom Cryptosporidium Parvium was detected (4.7%). Results: The prevalence rate of disease was more in the 1-2 age group. The infants who didn’t use mother milk were significantly more commonly infected and children in nursery school similarly more infected. The majority of cases were detected in summer and spring, although there was no significant relationship between season’s prevalence. Conclusion: Although some C.parvum cases harbored Giardia Lamblia, there was no relation between the two infections.

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Background and objective: The south of littoral of Caspian sea is located on the Asian belt of oesophageal carcinoma, where has the highest incidence in the world. The objective of this study was to determine the epidemiologic aspects of patients with oesophageal carcinoma in the north of Iran. Materials and methods: Based on the existing data of medical charts, we conducted a descriptive study of 668 patients with oesophageal carcinoma who referred to Shahid Rajaei Radiotherapy Center in Babolsar during 1993 to 1999. The data was included age, sex, occupation, residence area, and history of alcohol, smoking, drug consumption, anatomic location and histologic type of tumor. We used T-test and Chi-square test in statistical analysis. Results: The mean (±SD) age of 668 patients was 62.8 (±11) years and the modal age group 60-69 years. The mean age of males was significantly greater than females (63.8 vs. 61.2 years, P<0.05) 54.5% of patients were male and 62.1% of males were farmers, 14.5% clerk, and 7% workers whereas 92.4% of females were housewives. Roughly, 0.7% of patients had a history of alcohol consumption, 19.3% smoker and 7.9% drug users and 50.3% of patients were residence of urban area. The most common histologic type of tumor was squamous cell carcinoma (91.3%) and 7% of tumors were adenocarcinoma. The ratio of men to women of adenocarcinoma was 3 to 1 Also squamous cell carcinoma was more common among men than women The relation between the histologic type of tumor and gender was significant (P<0.05). The most common location of squamous cell carcinoma was the upper third of oesophageal (47.1%) and for adenocarcinoma the lower third (86.4%). Also, we observed a significant relation between occupation and the histologic type of tumor. Conclusion: The results indicated that the frequency of oesophageal carcinoma is increased over the age 50 years. The relation of histologic type of tumor with location and gender are consistent with those reported in the other studies in the western countries, which shows the same pattern of epidemiologic aspects of this neoplasm in the world.

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Ehler-Danlos syndrome is rare disorder of collagen metabolism, characterized by skin fragility and hyperlaxity, hypermobility of joint. Type I collagen or III collagen is metabolically disordered. Our case report is 27 years old Turkaman male referred top dermatology clinic 5th Azar Hospital for disability, echymose and papyraceus scar. After clinicopathologic evaluation, the diagnosed case proved to be Ehler-Danlos.

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Hemangiomas are benign tumors, which considered being in distance between hamartomas and true neoplasms. Most of the hemangiomas arise in head and neck region and the others grow is trunk and extremities. Hemangiomas of the uterine cervix are rare. They are usually harmless and appear as dark red or purple mass. Our case is a 35 years old patient suffering from intermittent vaginal bleeding and had a well-defined polypoid mass in vaginal examination. The natural history of cervical hemangioma is regression and involution. Biopsy must be undertaken with circumspection because serious bleeding can occur.

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Cutaneous metastasis from carcinoma of the larynx are very rare. We observed a 75-year-old male patient with squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx who developed a subcutaneous nodule as an abscess presentation in the buttock. It was found to be a metastatic squamous cell carcinoma of the laryngeal cancer, histopathologically. The skin manifestations proceeded laryngeal metastases by 18 months after laryngectomy and radical neck dissection. After 3 months, the patient died. Cutaneous metastasis of laryngeal carcinoma should be considered in all patients with previous laryngeal carcinoma representing with cutaneous lesion.

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Background & Objective: Enuresis is a problem in children. In this research the success, rate and recurrence of Imipramine, Desmopresine and conditional therapy has been studied in enuresis treatment of children. Materials & Methods: This study was done on 84 enuresis child between 7-11 years old which were selected by screening at the schools. Patients divided randomly to 3 groups: The 1st group received 25 mg of Imipramine every night. The 2nd group was treated with 20 micg of Desmopresine intranasaly every night. The 3rd group used alarm for conditioning every night. All groups were treated for one month, and 2 weeks without enuresis meaned success. Results: All physical finding and laboratory tests were normal in all patients (FBS, U/A, U/C, kidney and bladder sonography). Patients had in average 8.5 years old. 77.3% of cases were boys and 22.7% were girls. Success rate for therapy was 71.4%, 60% and 50% in-groups 1-3 respectively. Recurrence rate 6 months after therapy was 10%, 55.5% and 25% in-groups 1-3 respectively. Conclusion: Imipramine persists as cheep, available, well-tolerated and effective way of treating enuretic patients. Due to high recurrence rate, Desmopresine is just recommended as a temporary treatment.