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Cryptorchidism means undersecending testes, it is one of the most disorder in boy’s urogenital system. The aim of this research is to study the cryptorchidism prevalency in newborn boys in Gorgan. This research is a descriptive and cross-sectional study and the population under examination are those newborn boys that are given birth in Dizyani Hospital during 1377. 2318 newborn boys examined by standard physical method and the relation between this disorder and the following parameters has been the main concerns of this study, these are as follow: Either bilateral or unilateral cryptorchidism, mother’s age, parity, birth weight, maturating as birth, and race. The results of this study show, that from 2318 newborn boys 89 infant (3.8%) have cryptorchidism at birth. From those latter figures 2.3% are unilateral and 1.5% are bilateral. Our result indicate that there is a significant correlation between cryptorchidism gestational age (P<0.0001) and birth weight (P<0.0001) but there is no relation between cryptorchidism with mother age and parity. The present research also indicate that cryptorchidism prevalency in under-weight newborn and premature infant is considerably increased. The conclusion of our study indicate that cryptorchidism prevalency has got no significant differences from previous investigations.

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Background & Objective: Enuresis is a problem in children. In this research the success, rate and recurrence of Imipramine, Desmopresine and conditional therapy has been studied in enuresis treatment of children. Materials & Methods: This study was done on 84 enuresis child between 7-11 years old which were selected by screening at the schools. Patients divided randomly to 3 groups: The 1st group received 25 mg of Imipramine every night. The 2nd group was treated with 20 micg of Desmopresine intranasaly every night. The 3rd group used alarm for conditioning every night. All groups were treated for one month, and 2 weeks without enuresis meaned success. Results: All physical finding and laboratory tests were normal in all patients (FBS, U/A, U/C, kidney and bladder sonography). Patients had in average 8.5 years old. 77.3% of cases were boys and 22.7% were girls. Success rate for therapy was 71.4%, 60% and 50% in-groups 1-3 respectively. Recurrence rate 6 months after therapy was 10%, 55.5% and 25% in-groups 1-3 respectively. Conclusion: Imipramine persists as cheep, available, well-tolerated and effective way of treating enuretic patients. Due to high recurrence rate, Desmopresine is just recommended as a temporary treatment.

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Inguinal hernia is common in midlle age and elderly. It is in two form of direct and indirect. Often the hernia sac consists of omentum and or intestinal segmants, but bladder hernia is very rare. In present patient massive inguinal hernia and urinary retention were associated with ipsilateral nonvisulization and nonfuncting kidney that showed the disease is chronic in nature. The diagnosis is confirm by ultrasonography and retrograde cystography. In cystography, contrast maternal is show in scrotal cavity and commnication of it with bladder. In our case, the diagnosis is made preoperatively with ultrasonograpy and cystography. The patient able to void post-oprative day and scrotal enlargment is compelely reduce. In conclusion it is advised that in patients older than 50 years who have massive inguinoscrotal herina and prostatism cystography to be done mandatory and also preoperative diagnosis is to be made to prevente the injury of bladder and ureter in operating time.

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Background&Objective: Transurethral resection of prostate (TUR-P) is the Gold standard therapy in benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH). Urinary tract infections are one of the most important complications of this method. Prophylactic antibiotic regimen and the duration in preventing the infections are controversial. This study was designed to compare three different prophylactic regimens in TUR-P. Materials&Methods: In this interventional study, patients with sterile urine analysis and culture prior to TUR-P were classified in to three groups (A, B and C). One single-dose Keflin was prescribed before the operation. Four additional doses of Keflin were given to group B patients after TUR-P. Group C was similar to group B but Ciprofloxacin was given to them until catheter removal. Data were analyzed with SPSS-11.5. ?2 test and ANOVA were used. P-value less than 0.05 considered significant. Results: The incidence of positive urine cultures in group A, B and C were 35%, 20% and 11.5%, respectively. No significant relationship was seen between UTI and antibiotic regiments. Conclusion: There was not any significant relationship between UTI and different regimens although UTI rate was lower in the group with longer duration of the prophylaxis. Complementary studies are suggested for application of this regimen.

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Background & Objective: Standard treatment in renal colic is established with narcotics. NSAIDS are alternative choices. Several studies are done on various treatments. This study was done to evaluate the effect of intranasal Desmopressin alone and in combination with parenteral Pethidine in relief of renal colic pain. Materials & Methods: In this clinical trial study, 150 patients with renal colic were recruited in: Group one received 40 micrograms intranasal desmopressin, group two 25 miligrams intravenous pethidine and in group 3 both drugs were administered. VAS method was used to measure the intensity of pain in first minute and at 10, 20 and 30 minutes after administration. Kruskal-Walis and ANOVA were used to compare the pain severity between groups. Results: Pain intensity had significant decrease after 10, 20 and 30 minutes in all groups (P<0.05). Group 3 showed maximum decrease after 30 minutes. Conclusion: This study determined that combined administration of desmopressin and pethidine can significantly decrease in renal colic intensity. We suggest the use of desmopressin, in combination with other medicines as a supportive and effective treatment in renal colic patients.

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Background and Objective: Cryptorchidism or undescending testis is a developmental defect and occurred in 2-4% of male newborns. This study was done to determine the pattern and risk factors of cryptorchidism in Gorgan, northern Iran. Methods: In this cohort study, 2851 male newborns were examined for cryptorchidism at the birth and follow up for one year after birth in Dezyani referral teaching hospital in Gorgan, northern Iran during April 2010 - December 2011. Mother ethnicity, working in farmland, addiction, consanguinity, age, infant maturity and birth weight were recorded for each subject. Results: The rate of cryptorchidism was 18.9 per 1000 live birth. Bilateral and unilateral cryptorchidism was 11.7 and 7.1 per 1000, respectively. The rate of cryptorchidism in preterm newborns (30 per 1000) was significantly higher than the term (20 per 1000) and post term (11.4 per 1000) newborns (P<0.05). The Mean±SD of newborns weight with unilateral cryptorchidism (3024±537grams) was significantly lower than the healthy newborns (3253±489 grams) (P<0.05). The rate of cryptorchidism in Turkmens (10 per 1000 births) was significantly lower than Fars (21 per 1000 births) and Sistani (23 per 1000 births) newborns (P<0.05). One year Follow up of newborns showed that 41 (77.3%) testes were descent to scrotum. Conclusion: Low births weight, prematurity and ethnicity are the main risk factors of cryptorchidism in northern Iran.

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Background and Objective: Reaction time measures have considerable potential to aid neuropsychological assessment in a variety of healthcare settings. One such measure, the intra-individual reaction time variability is of particular interest as it is thought to reflect neurobiological disturbance. The present study aimed to investigate the intra-individual changes in reaction time to visual stimuli in dominant or non-dominant binocular and monocular vision.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 12 volunteers with an average age of 30.08±1.448 years in 2021. The subjects consisted of the students and staff of Golestan University of Medical Sciences (5 female and 7 male). The reaction time was recorded automatically by the hand reaction time device of Danesh Salar Iranian Company based on the time of presentation of visual stimulation on the computer screen and the person's reaction, i.e. pressing the buttons of the handles by each of the two hands. All experiments were performed between 10 and 11 am and following at least 2 hours of fasting. Data collection was done following training trials for correct performance of the 2-choice reaction time test. After completing the reaction time tests for each volunteer, the dominant eye was determined by the hole-in-card method.
Results: In 4 volunteers, the dominant eye was left and in the rest of the volunteers, the dominant eye was right. The dominant eye did not differ between men and women. The number of reaction times recorded in right monocular vision left monocular vision and binocular vision were 902, 911 and 893, respectively. The mean reaction time in right monocular vision, left monocular vision and binocular vision was 306.81±3.310, 304.28±3.339 and 312.95±4.569, respectively, and the range of reaction times in these three states was between 194-1750, 178-1587, and 155-1797 ms, respectively. Intra-individual reaction time variability in the dominant left eye and left hand were significantly lower compared to the dominant right eye and right hand, respectively (P<0.05). No difference was observed between the reaction time of the right monocular vision, left monocular vision, and binocular vision.
Conclusion: The alignment of the dominant left side in the eye and hand reacts faster than the dominant right side in the eye and hand. The mechanism of this phenomenon may be related to the overall process that determines the dominant left hemisphere in approximately 90% of the population.
 

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Background and Objective: Fear of childbirth is a common problem during pregnancy. Previous studies have shown that pregnancy outcomes and experiences can significantly vary across various ethnic groups. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of fear of childbirth among pregnant mothers of various ethnicities referring to comprehensive health service centers in Gorgan, Iran.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was conducted on 341 pregnant women of Fars, Turkmen, and Sistani/Baluch ethnicities using a random sampling method at comprehensive health service centers in Gorgan during 2023. Data collection instruments consisted of a demographic and pregnancy characteristics form and the Childbirth Fear Questionnaire (CFQ; Zar and Wijma).
Results: The mean fear of childbirth score in pregnant women was determined to be 69.88±20.19 (severe fear). Among all studied groups, mild fear (21 individuals), moderate fear (100 individuals), severe fear (147 individuals), and clinical fear (73 individuals) were identified in 6.2%, 29.3%, 43.1%, and 21.4% of the pregnant women, respectively. The combined prevalence of severe and clinical fear of childbirth among pregnant women of Sistani/Baluch, Turkmen, and Fars ethnicities was determined to be 73%, 73.3%, and 52.2%, respectively, and this difference was statistically significant (P<0.05). A statistically significant relationship was observed among the variables of age, gestational period, and the level of satisfaction with prenatal care received at comprehensive health service centers (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Severe and clinical fear of childbirth is more prevalent among pregnant women of Sistani/Baluch and Turkmen ethnicities compared to the Fars ethnicity.