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The present research is a descriptive and analytical study, which is done in order to investigate the reasons of failure in exclusive breast-feeding in Gorgan. 322 women with children between six to 12 months who referred to health center in Gorgan were chosen as convenience sampling. The instruments for collecting information were some questionnaires included open-ended or closed questions, which was related to individual, social and familial characteristics of parents and children. The findings showed that only 44.4% had exclusive breast-feeding. The most current additional liquid in 59.9% was Glucose water. The most important reason for beginning the additional nutrition was colic which most of the time was advised by grandmother (32.6%). Chi-square has shown maternal age, mother’s conception of her ability in breast feeding, feeling that she would not have enough milk to adequately nourish her baby child, acute diseases, the low birth weight and among the reason for failure to have exclusive breast feeding (P<0.05).

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Background & Objective: Hemodialysis patients quality of life is a significant subject. Style of coping or adjustment among hemodialysis patients is a complicated problem that affects the quality of life status. Responses domain to these problems are different from readjustment to suicide. The object of this study was to determine the relationship between quality of life and copings the problem, which were applied by hemodialysis patients. Materials & Methods: This is a descriptive analytical and correlational study. The study has been done in hospitals of Gorgan, Gonabad and Bandar Torkaman cities. The data were collected using a questionnaire with likert scale (From 1 to 5). Sample population was 167 patients. Results: The results showed that 89 patients were male, 78 patients female, 25.74% between 35-44 years old and hemodialysis of duration of 114 patients was more than 4 years. The quality of life mean score and standard deviatior were respectively 89.58, 8.13. About 75.42% of patient’s quality of life were moderate. The emotional and problem focused strategies were used in moderate way by the hemodialysis patients. Statistic tests between quality of life and emotional focused coping was significant (P<0.05). In general there are relationship between quality of life and total coping (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to study, we conclude that emotional focused coping and total coping influence the quality of life of hemodialysis patients. Therefore hemodialysis patients must be educated and supported, to cope with the problems.

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Background & Objective: Appendicectomy for suspected acute Appendicitis is a common procedure. The rate of normal Appendices unnecessarily removed remains high (15-30%) despite several techniques and investigations used to improve the diagnostic accuracy. Many studies investigated the role of raised C-reactive protein in improving the diagnosis of acute Appendicitis. This study emphasizes the impact of a normal serum C-reactive protein in reducing the rate of negative explorations. Materials & Methods: In a double blind study, blood for the WBC count and measurement of serum C-reactive protein (CRP) was collected pre-operatively from 100 patients just before going to the operating room for appendicectomy. The histopathology of the 100 Appendices was grouped into positive (Acute Appendicitis) and negative (Normal appendix). White blood count (WBC), CRP and the histopathology finding were correlated. Results: In-patients with histopathologically proven acute Appendicitis both the WBC count and serum CRP level were significantly raised (P=0.000 and P=0.000 respectively). Serum CRP level was normal in 16 out of 18 negative explorations (Normal appendix on histopathology). The specificity and sensitivity of serum CRP was 88.8% and 92.6% respectively. Conclusion: Normal pre-operative serum CRP measurement in-patients with suspected acute Appendicitis is most likely associated with a normal appendix. Deferring surgery in this group of patients would probably reduce the rate of unnecessary appendicectomies.

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Background&Objective: Decrease in production of erythropoietin has been noted as one of the main factors causing anemia in ESRD patients, and administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) has been used to correct the anemia. Iron deficiency, including functional iron deficiency, limits the efficacy of rhEPO therapy in ESRD patients. This study examined the effects of maintenance intravenous iron sucrose (Venofer) on haemoglobin level and, optimization of erythropoietin therapy. Materials&Methods: Forty eight haemodialysis patients with haemoglobin level<9 gr/dl who were dialyzed three times weekly went under the study. Two thousands units of rhEPO were given subcutaneously at the end of each dialysis for seven weeks. At the end of the seventh week, those with haemoglobin level<9 gr/dl and with ferritin level <200 ng/dl (29 patients) were chosen for intravenous administration of 100 mg Venfor during the next five consecutive haemodialysis while maintaining the rhEPO dose at 2000 units with each dialysis. A week after the last dose of Venofer, haemoglobin and serum ferritin were determined. Results: Average haemoglobin level among the patients before administration of rhEPO was 7.5 gr/dl. After seven weeks of subcutaneous rhEPO at 2000 units with each haemodialysis, the average haemoglobin level raised to 8.5 gr/dl. The effect of maintenance IV Venofer was an increase in average haemoglobin level to 10.4 gr/dl. The same effect was seen on the ferritin level. The ferritin level of 131 ng/dl increased to 237 ng/dl a week after last dose of IV venofer. Conclusion: Intravenous (IV) iron improves haemoglobin response and, thus, optimizes rhEPO therapy.

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Background & Objective: In this research, we study the simultaneous effects of Nitric Oxide (NO) and stress on prefrontal cortex of rats. Nitric Oxide is an unstable small molecule that involved in many physiological and pathological conditions. Brain’s prefrontal cortex has important role on personality and mental state. Its development continues after birth and this period is the most sensitive time for brain’s cortex to response to environmental parameters such as psychological stresses. Materials & Methods: In this study Wistar male rats received L-arginine (200 mg/kg) as NO precursor, L-NAME (20mg/kg) and 7-nitroindazole (25mg/kg) as non specific and specific NO sentries inhibitors. L-arginine and L-NAME were injected intra peritoneal (IP) and 7-nitroindazole injected subcutaneously (S.C) during one month per day. Rats divided in two groups (with stress and without stress). The kind of stress was immobilization every day for one month during injection of materials. Brains were removed after this period and each brain with a coronal section manner divided in two parts .Anterior part of brain fixed by formalin and tissue processing was done. By using rotatory microtome 10? serial cross sections were obtained and stained with H & E. Posterior part of brain homogenized with such solution then amount of NO in obtained solution was measured by spectrophotometer with 540 nm wavelength. Results: Statistical analysis of light microscopic findings indicated that stress of immobilization with use of L-NAME and 7-nitroindazole result in decrease of thickness of prefrontal cortex , numbers of Betz cells and NO production in rats’ brain, it means L-NAME and 7-nitroindazole exaggerate the brain damage and from other hands L-arginine with stress can convert these results. Conclusion: On the basis of these results we believe that stress of immobilization damages prefrontal cortex and also NOS inhibitors can aggravate the cortical damage. On the other hand although NO precursor (L-arginine) decreases the cortical damage in rats that impress with stress, it can result in these changes in rat’s brain without stress.

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Background & Objective: Tetra Carbon Cholride has been known as reference hepatotoxin because it can cause necrosis, fatty change, cirrhosis and cancer liver. Silymarin has hepatoprotective and anti hepatoxin effect. This study was done to determine the protective effect of Silymarin in acute hepatotoxicity of CCl4 in rats.

Materials & Methods: In this experimental study, we chose 25ml/kg dose of CCl4 (in mineral oil solvent) as an optimum dose. The hepatotoxic effects of intraperiotoneal injection of CCl4 for obtaining parameters of toxicity and therapeutic effects have been examined. According to enzymatic results (increase in ALT and AST) and histopathologic changes (grading the changes in liver including cytoplasmic granularity, cloudy swelling, necrosis and fatty change), the interval between prescribing silymarin and sampling  was determined. Silymarin as a suspension in propylene glycol CMC 2% (3/2 ratio) has been prescribed in 50, 200 and 800mg/kg doses and serum and liver samples were obtained. Negative control group received silymarin vehicle in CCl4 solvent, drug control received 800 mg/kg of silymarin in CCl4 solvent and positive control received silymarin vehicle after injecting CCl4.

Results: The results showed that prescribing 50mg/kg silymarin one hour after injecting CCl4, in addition to inhibiting transaminase activity, prevents progress of liver injury up to 50% of positive control group. Cellular repair and regeneration are also enhanced, So the grade 3necrosis in positive control group is decreased to grade 0.5 in silymarin gourp in 48 hours prescribing silymarin (50mg/kg).

Conclusion: This study showed that up to six hours after injecting CCl4 significantly prevents hepatotoxicity, and cause acceleration in repair of liver injuries.

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Background and Objective: Brain computed-tomography (CT) scan has a well documented accuracy in detecting the tumors this study was carried out to assess the conformity and correlation of CT-Scan diagnosis of the brain tumors with pathological findings in Ghaem Hospital Mashad University of Medical Sciences-Iran. Materials and Methods: This descriptive prospective study was done on 75 patients, 5-83 years, with the clinical suspicion of brain tumors. According to the CT-Scan findings 1-3 differential diagnosis were made for each patient. This was followed by surgery and biopsy, and the CT-Scan diagnoses were compared with pathological findings. Results: The best conformity and correlation of radiologic and pathologic diagnosis was seen in pituitary adenoma, acoustic neuroma, epidermoid cyst and craniopharyngioma. Also, according to the CT-Scan findings, the highest degree of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value, were related to pituitary adenoma, high grade astrocytoma and meningioma. Conclusion: This study showed thant no single imaging modality may claim optimal sensitivity or specificity for the assessment of CNS disorders, although several imaging methods carry independent and complementary information, and CT-scan has different ability for diagnosis of different kind of tumors.

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Brucellosis is a zoonosis with a variety of clinical syndromes including spondylitis. Spondylitis and sacroiliitis are the most frequent complications of skeletal system involvement in brucellosis, but muscle infection and abscess formation are a rare complication and frequently secondary to spondylitis. In this article two cases of brucella spondylitis are presented which has led to abscess formation in one of them, these patients referred with back pain, fever, and with subsequeint MRI examination, wright positive test, were diagnosed as spondylitis. The antibiotic regiment including Doxycycline, Refampin, were prescripted for four months. The clinical signs were disapeared subsequently.

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Background and Objective: Trichomoniasis is a disease caused by Trichomonas vaginalis and is the most common sexually transmitted disease after viral sexually transmitted ones. Trichomoniasis is usually treated with oral metronidazole and both patient and her partner should be treated. Considering the probable teratogenic effect of metronidazole and parasite drug resistance, it is necessary to find an alternative medication for treatment of trichomoniasis. In this study in vitro effect of garlic and Freula assafoetida extracts on Trichomonas vaginalis were evaluated. Materials and Methods: This In Vitro study was done in Yasuj Faculty of Medicine, Yasuj, Iran. Trichomonas vaginalis was cultured in TYI-S-33 medium. Effect of garlic and Freula assafoetida extracts in specified times and concentrations on Trichomonas vaginalis were assessed. Garlic extract was used in 0.1, 0.05 and 0.025 mg/ml while Freula assafoetida extract was used in 2, 1 and 0.5 mg/ml. The inhibitory effect of extract on Trichomonas was assessed by counting the alive parasites 1, 2 and 24 hours after exposure with extracts. Results: Findings of this study showed that hydroalcoholic extract of Freula assafoetida at concentration of 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/ml killed 90% of the parasites in first hour of exposure and garlic extract at concentration of 0.1 mg/ml killed 95% of parasites after 2 hours. Moreover garlic extract killed 90% of parasites at concentration of 0.05, 0.025 and 0.0125 mg/ml after 24 hours of exposure even at low concentration. Conclusion: This study indicated that garlic and freula assafoetida have significat effect on Trichomonas vaginalis, therefore detecting the effective substances of these potent anti-parasitic herbs is recommended.

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Background and Objective: Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a disturbance of colonic function characterized by abdominal pain or discomfort, bloating and abnormal bowel function, resulting in episodes of chronic diarrhea, chronic constipation, or both in alternation. It affects approximately 3 to 20 percent of the population. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of Irritable bowel syndrome among the high school pupile in Gorgan, in North of Iran. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-analytical cross sectional study, data was collected by clustering, quota and randomized sampling. 1080, 15-19 years old male and female high school pupiles, residing in Gorgan participated in the survey during 2007. The data collection tool was a demographic questionnaire and standard Rome-II criteria. Results: 1063 pupiles completed the questionnaire. The Irritable bowel syndrome prevalence according to Rome-II was 5.7%. The relation between ethnicity and Irritable bowel syndrome was significant (P<0.05). The rate of Irritable bowel syndrome was higher among the Turkmen students. There was no significant relation between Irritable bowel syndrome prevalence with gender, age and family income. Conclusion: This study showed that irritable bowel syndrome prevalence in this area is nearly similar to that reported in national studies in western Iran as well as with Asian countries.

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Background and Objective: Hemodialysis is one of the common therapulic proceduce for terminal renal failure. Insufficient and low efficient hemodialysis increases the mortality rate, therefore the assessment of hemodialysis efficacy is important. This study was done to determine the hemodialysis efficacy based on urea reduction ratio (URR) model and kt/v (Clearance Time Volume) criteria in Gorgan, Northern Iran. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive and analytical study 113 heomdilysis patients were selected prior to hemodilysis and five minutes after pump stopping, arterial blood urea nitrogen (BUN) was measured and then kt/v and URR were calculated. Also kt/v relations with weight, gender, educational level, length of hemodialysis session, blood flow rate, TMP (Terans Membran Presure), filter Ku/f (Clearance Ultrafiltration), preliminary disease, time of hemodialysis per week and the type of vessel access were determined. Data analyzed using SPSS-13 and independent t-test, chi-square, fisher exact test and Pearson correlation coefficient. Results: The mean of hemodilysis history was 37 months and mean of Patient's ages were 51.6 years. 77.9% of subjects had hemodialysis efficacy according to Kt/v and URR critrial. There was a statistical significant correlation between hemodialysis efficacy and time of hemodialysis session, blood flow rate, time of hemodialysis per week and type of vessels access (P<0.05), but there was not any significant correlation between hemodialysis efficacy and weight, gender, education, TMP, filter Ku/f and preliminary disease. Conclusion: This study suggested that hemodialysis efficacy in this center was better that other studies in Iran.

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Background and Objective: Adolescence is a critical period which has physical, sexual and psychosocial changes. Scientists believe that adolescent must aware from necessary knowledge at critical time, because unawareness causes more sexual deviation. Thus in this study parents and teacher's view had been assessed about the best time and appropriate method for reproductive health education for female adolescents. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive study 400 parents and 50 teachers from girls' high school were chosen by multiple sampling in Gorgan-Iran. Information collected by a questionnaire which consisted of two parts of demographic characteristics and polling which contains three parts: fertilization and pregnancy, family planning, HIV and STDs. Descriptive statistic was used for analysis the Data by SPSS-9 software. Results: 43.5% of mothers and 38.5% of fathers believed that the best time for fertilization and pregnancy education is at marriage time, and 46% of teachers believed grade III high school and pre- university is suitable time. Majority of teachers and parents believed that the best time to teach family planning is at marriage time. 32% of mothers believed that the most suitable time. for teaching HIV and STDs is grade 3 at high school and pre- university but about 30.7% of fathers and 38% of teachers noted the best time is grade I and II at high school. About the most suitable education method, 45% of mothers and 44% of teachers believed that attending a midwife at school is necessary. Conclusion: This study showed that majority of parents and teachers agree with reproductive health education during high school and marriage time and they mentioned that the best education method should be done at school with attending a midwife as a counselor.

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Background and Objective: There are some reports about probable association between acute leukemia and special blood groups. Frequency of ABO and RH blood group is different in each population. This study was done to determine frequency of ABO and Rh blood groups in patient with acute leukemia and healthy population.

Materials and Methods: This case - control study was done on 214 patients (132 males, 82 females) that suffering from acute leukemia as case group and 117026 individuals healthy population who were voluntary blood donors as controls in Mashhad, Iran during 2001-07. Age, sex, ABO blood group and RH blood group were collected from hospital files for each cases. Furthermore the results of ABO and RH blood groups of controls were collected. Data were analyzed with Chi-Square, fisher test and Odd’s ratio.

Results: The frequency of A, B, AB, O and RH blood groups in cases were 23.8%, 32.8%, 7.0%, 36.4% and 90.7%, respectively. The frequency of A, B, AB, O and RH blood groups in controls were 29.8%, 27.4%, 8.9%, 33.9% and 88.3%, respectively. Odds Ratio test didn’t show association of ABO and RH blood groups with acute leukemia. Odds Ratio test showed association of B blood group with acute leukemia in females (OR=0.571, 95%CI: 0.358-.0908, P=0.021).

Conclusion: This study showed although there was not any association between ABO and RH blood groups and acute leukemia but probably females with B blood group are more susciptible toward acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

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Background and Objective: Malnutrition is considered as one of most serious disorder in childhood. This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of malnutrition and its relation to serum level of Magnesium, Zinc, Iron and Calcium in 6-36 months hospitalized children. Methods: In this case-control study upon CDC chart, 166 children were in control group diagnosed with no malnutrition and 151 children were also in case group with malnutrition. BMI and serum level of Magnesium, Zinc, Iron and Calcium were measeared for each child. Results: Out of 151 children with malnutrition, 128 (84.76%) and 23 (15.23%) were involved in mild and moderate malnutrition, respectively. The serum level of Magnesium and Zinc in case group was non-significantly lower than controls, while the serum level of Calcium and Iron non-significantly higher than controls. BMI was significantly reduced in cases in compared to controls and this reduction was related with malnutrition (95% CI: 0.38-0.59, OR=0.47, P<0.05). Conclusion: Malnutrition in 6-36 month children was not related to serum level of Zinc, Magnesium, Iron and Calcium, while children with malnutrition had lower body mass index.

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Background and Objective: Diazinon is an organophosphate insecticide. , which inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Diazinon on pituitary-gonadal axis and histological alteration of seminferous tubules in adult rat testis. Methods: In this experimental study, 40 adult male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into five groups including control, sham and experimental 1, 2 and 3. Animals in experimental group 1, 2 and 3 were received 50, 100 and 150 mg/kg/bw of diazinon for 28 days, orally, respectively. Animals in control group did not receive any substance. Animals in sham group were received an equivalent amount of normal saline. The animals were euthanized after 28 days and a blood sample was collected via heart puncture and testes were removed for histological studies. Results: Diazinon significantly reduced serum testosterone concentration, sertoli cell, leydig cell count, primary spermatocyte and spermatid (P<0.05). Diazinon had no significant effect on the body and testis weight in the experimental groups compared to controls. Conclusion: Diazinon reduces the concentration of testosterone and cells in seminferous tubule in adult rat.

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Background and Objective: Sodium Arsenite is an environmental pollutant which can generate free radicals causing tissue damage. This study was done to evaluate the effect of Green Tea (GTE), as a strong antioxidant, on kidney tissue in mice treated with Sodium Arsenite. Methods: In this experimental study 24 adult male NMRI mice were randomly allocated into four groups including: control, GTE (100mg/kg/day), Sodium Arsenite (5mg/kg/day) and Sodium Arsenite + GTE, for 34 days, orally. Animals were scarified and left kidney was taken out, fixed, sectioned, processed and stained using Heidenhain'azan method. Using stereological technique the total volume of kidney, volume of cortex, medulla, proximal and distal tubule, renal corpuscle, gelomerelus, tuft and capillary, membrane and space of Bowman's capsule and length of proximal and distal tubule were determined. Creatinine, BUN and MDA serum samples were measured. Results: The mean of total volume of cortex, proximal tubule, distal tubule, renal corpuscle and gelomerolus, taft, Bowman's capsule space, size of epithelium and lumen of proximal and distal tubule were significantly reduced in Sodium Arsenite group compared to control (P<0.05). These parameters were significantly increased in the Sodium Arsenite + GTE group in comparison with Sodium Arsenite group (P<0.05). The creatinine, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and MDA were significantly increased in the Sodium Arsenite group in compared to the control group (P<0.05). These parameters were significantly reduced in the Sodium Arsenite + GTE group in comparison with Sodium Arsenite group (P<0.05). Conclusion: Green tea has a protective role in Sodium Arsenite induced nephrotoxicity.

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Color vision deficiency (CVD) is a defect of vision with disability to distinguish colors. Color vision deficiency can be divided into the two categories, congenital and acquired. Congenital color vision deficiency divided into anomalous trichromacy, dichromacy and monochromacy. The most common congenital CVD was deuteranomalous that mode of inheritance is X linked recessive occurring mostly in males. Acquired CVD can occur as a direct result of illness or any related medicine. Color perception changes in acquired CVD may be secondary to primary ocular disease, drug side effect, or serious systemic disease such as diabetes. Dystrophy of cone, types of maculopathy, crystalline lens changes associated with aging, diabetes, glaucoma, optic nerve diseases and traumatic brain injuries can cause CVD. For acquired CVD, type of defect may not be easy to classify; nevertheless, predominantly is tritanopia and type and severity of the defect fluctuates during of disease. It has been suggested that human evolution to industrialized civilization has led to an increased prevalence of CVD in most population. An acquired CVD can reflect a deficiency in color information processing at anywhere along the related visual pathway, from the photoreceptors to the cortex. Sometimes, assessment of color vision can be helpful to detect a visual impairment in early stages.

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Background and Objective: Muscles fatigue around the joint can altere the movment pattern and incrasing the risk of muscle damage. This study was done to determine the effect of hip abductor muscles fatigue on plantar pressure characteristics during stance phase of gait.

Methods:  This quasi-experimental studywas done on 22 males with age ranes of 15-21 years olds. Hip abduction protocol with 50% of one-repetition maximum was used to induce hip abductor muscles fatigue. Average pressure, plantar peak pressure, step duration and the plantar contact area in both feet distribution were collected using before and after the fatigue protocol during gait.

Results: Despite the relative reduction in average pressure, contact area and step duration and plantar increase in peak pressure after abductors fatigue, but these differences were not significant.

Conclusion: This study showed that the hip abductor muscles fatigue can not alter plantar pressure characteristics during stance phase of gait.

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Background and Objective: Permanent first molars are susceptible to caries due to their particular anatomical form, early development and lack of knowledge of parents about their permanence. This study was conducted to determine the index of first permanent dental careis (DMF6) and some of its related factors in 12 year-old students.
Methods: This descriptive-analytical study was carried out on 400 students (200 females and 200 males) using combined method (stratified and cluster sampling) from public and non-governmental schools in Gorgan, northern Iran during 2015-16. First permanent molar examination was carried out. The parents' education level, frequency of toothbrushing and daily consumption of sugar-containing snack foods was recorded in a questionnaire. Each decayed, missing and filled first permanent molar tooth was given number one. These numbers were combined to compute the DMF6 index for each individual.
Results: The DMF6 index was zero in 19.5% and the DMF6 index was determined to be between
1 and 4 in 80.5% of the children. The mean DMF6 index was 2.23±0.07 and significantly higher in girls (2.39±0.10) than in boys (2.07±0.11) (P<0.05). The DMF6 index decreased with increasing parental education and the frequency of brushing and reducing consumption of sugary meals.
Conclusion: Dental caries prevalence among 12-years-old students in north of Iran is higher (2.23) than global standard until 2020 (lower than 1). Gender of child, parent’s education, frequency of toothbrushing and consumption of sugar-containing snack foods plays an important role in the rate of dental caries.

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Background and Objective: Spirituality refers to considering the cultural-religious beliefs of the people in the therapeutic process and taking into account the transcendental dimension of the clients who lead them to the transcendental source. This study was conducted to determine the effect of spirituality therapy on the resilience of women with breast cancer in Tehran, Iran.
Methods: This quasi-experimental study was performed on 30 women with breast cancer referred to the oncology and chemotherapy clinic in Tehran, Iran during 2016. Subjects were selected by available sampling method and then non-randomly divided into two groups of 15 intervention and control groups. The intervention group was subjected to psychological intervention during 11 sessions of 60 minutes and the control group did not receive intervention. Patients completed the Conner and Davidson resiliency questionnaire (2003) before and after the end of the treatment period.
Results: The mean and standard deviation of the resiliency score of the intervention and control groups in the beginning of the study were 3.64±0.22 and 3.77±1.13, respectively. This rate was 4.30±0.41 and 3.68±0.1 in patients in intervention and control groups, respectively (P<0.05).
Conclusion: Spiritual therapy intervention increased the resiliency of women with breast cancer.